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Anatomy > Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pericardium

A

a fibrous sac surrounding the heat and roots of the great vessels

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2
Q

what does the pericardium fuse with superiorly

A

tunica adventitia of SVC, ascending aorta, and pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

what does the pericardium fuse with inferiorly

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

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4
Q

what ligaments reinforce the pericardium

A

sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly and posteriorly by loose CT that attaches the pericardium to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi

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5
Q

what overlaps the pericardium

A

the pleural sacs of the lungs

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6
Q

what does the pericardium contact where the pleural sac doesnt overlap it

A

the posterior surface of the sternum and the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

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7
Q

what structures are in between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura laterally

A

the phrenic nerve, pericardiophrenic artery and vein

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8
Q

what does the pericardium contact posteriorly

A

the esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, and main bronchi

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9
Q

what makes up outer layer of the pericardium

A

a layer of dense connective tissue called the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

what makes up the inner layer of the pericardum

A

an inner serous part that includes a visceral and parietal layer

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11
Q

where is the pericardial cavity located

A

in between the visceral and parietal pleura of the serous part of the pericardium

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12
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain and what does it do

A

a thin film of fluid that enables the heart to move and beat without friction

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13
Q

describe the fibrous pericardium and function

A

-inelastic
-function: to retain the heart in position and limit its distension, prevents overfilling

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14
Q

what is the spatial relationship between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium

A

they are closely adhered

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15
Q

what is the spatial relationship between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the heart

A

they are loosely bound

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16
Q

what is another term for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

the epicardium

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17
Q

where is the heart not in contact with the epicardium? what does it contact instead?

A

the posterior area between the venae cavae and pulmonary vein. it contacts fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

describe the development of the heart and pericardial sinuses

A

-formed in embyro due to folding of heart tube
- as the tube folds, the venous end moves posterior and up, so venous end is by the arterial end and separated by transverse sinus
- as the veins grow, oblique sinus is formed, a recess, and blind sac behind the posterior side of the heart

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19
Q

what is a reflection of the pericardium

A

where 2 layers of pericardium meet each other

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20
Q

what are the 2 reflections of the pericardium

A

transverse and oblique sinuses

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21
Q

where is the transverse sinus located

A

at the arterial end where pulmonary trunk and aorta leave the heart

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22
Q

where is the oblique sinus located

A

at the venous end where SVC, IVC and pulmonary veins enter the heart

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23
Q

what does the oblique sinus do

A

assists with frictionless movement of the heart in the pericardial cavity

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24
Q

what supplies blood to the visceral layer of pericardium

A

the pericardiacophrenic arteries (main) , musculophrenic arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta, and coronary arteries

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25
Q

what drains the pericardium

A

pericardiphrenic vein, internal thoracic vein, and tributaries of the azygos system

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26
Q

where does the pericardiacophrenic artery come off

A

the subclavian

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27
Q

what supplies somatic sensory innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers of the pericardium

A

phrenic nerves

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28
Q

what supplies visceral sensory innervation to the epicardium

A

cardiac plexuses

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29
Q

what types of visceral sensory innervation does the epicardium receive

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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30
Q

does the epicardium feel pain

A

no

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31
Q

what does the vagus nerve do in the pericardium

A

unknown

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32
Q

what does the sympathetic trunks supply in the pericardium

A

vasomotor

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33
Q

what is pericarditis and what does it cause

A

inflammation, chest pain from irritated layers of pericardium rubbing against each other

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34
Q

what is pericardial effusion

A

the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space

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35
Q

what causes pericardial effusion

A

local and systemic disorders or idiopathic

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36
Q

what is cardiac tamponade

A

a build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, puts pressure on the heart which may prevent it from pumping effectively

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37
Q

if you were stabbed in the 3rd or 4th intercostal space what part of the heart would be affected

A

RV

38
Q

what chamber of the heart do you mostly see anteriorly

A

the RV, you can see a little LV and RA

39
Q

what grooves can you see anteriorly on the heart

A

atrioventricular groove (coronary groove) and anterior interventricular groove

40
Q

what sits on top of the RA from anterior view

A

the right auricle

41
Q

what auricles can you see anteriorly

A

L and R

42
Q

what chambers of the heart is mostly seen on the posterior view

A

the LV and LA

43
Q

what groove(s) can you see posteriorly

A

atrioventricular groove and posterior interventricular groove

44
Q

what is in the atrioventricular groove

A

the coronary sinus

45
Q

what are the two parts of the RA

A

the sinus venarum, the part with pectinate muscles

46
Q

what is the sinus venarum

A

the smooth thin walled posterior part of the RA that receives the venae cavae and the coronary sinus

47
Q

what is the sinus venarum derived from

A

the embryonic sinus venosus

48
Q

what divides the pectinate muscle region from the sinus venarum

A

crista terminalis

49
Q

what does the interatrial septum divide

A

the RA and LA

50
Q

what is the fossa ovalis and where is it located

A

located on the interatrial septum and is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve

51
Q

what is the purpose of the foramen ovale in embryo

A

to send blood from RA to LA

52
Q

what happens in patent foramen ovale

A
  • pulmonary system is overloaded
  • the RA, RV, and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged
53
Q

does patent foramen ovale always require surgery

A

no only if it is too large to be repaired by itself

54
Q

what is the orifice of the tricuspid valve called

A

atrioventricular orifice

55
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located

A

between RA and RV

56
Q

what are trabeculae carnae

A

muscular elevations on the internal surface of the RV

57
Q

what are the 2 parts of the interventricualr septum

A

the muscular part and membranous part that is superior and posterior

58
Q

what is the conus arteriosus

A

a cone shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk

59
Q

what is the pulmonary valve

A

a semilunar valve guarding the pulmonary trunk

60
Q

what are the 3 cusps on the AV valve

A

anterior cusp, posterior cusp, septal cusp

61
Q

where are the papillary muscles located on the AV valve

A

on the anterior, posterior and septal cusp

62
Q

what does the anterior papillary muscle connect to and what does it do

A

the septomarginal trabeculum, it carries the right branch of the AV bundle

63
Q

what is the function of AV valves

A

to prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction

64
Q

what do papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do

A

prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria

65
Q

what valves are open during ventricular diastole (contraction)

A

AV valves

66
Q

what valves are open during ventricular systole

A

semilunar valves

67
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

aortic valve and pulmonary valve

68
Q

what does the LA receive O2 blood from the lungs via

A

4 pulmonary veins

69
Q

describe the interior surface of the LA

A

smooth interior except for pectinate muscles in the left auricle

70
Q

describe the LV compared to the RV

A

trabeculae carnae are finer and more numerous, wall is two times as thick

71
Q

what is the aortic vestibule

A

the smooth walled part of the LV that leads into the aorta

72
Q

describe the path of blood in the RV

A

blood flowing from RV to right AV valve to pulmonary valve follows a U shaped path that changes direction at 140 degrees

73
Q

describe the path of blood in the LV

A

blood flowing through the LV takes two right turns around anterior cusps resulting in 180 degree change of direction

74
Q

what percentage of people have an atrial septal defect

A

25%

75
Q

what percentage of congenital heart defects are ventricular septal defects

A

25%

76
Q

what is a VSD

A

opening between left and right ventricles associated with shunting of blood

77
Q

where do most VSDs occur

A

in the muscular portion which spontaneously close

78
Q

what VSDs are more commonly corrected with surgery

A

membraneous defects

79
Q

what are the cusps of the mitral valve

A

anterior cusp and posterior cusp

80
Q

what is the most commonly diseased valve in the heart

A

the mitral valve

81
Q

what happens when nodules form on the cusps of the mitral valve

A

turbulent flow

82
Q

how does mitral valve prolapse predispose you to infection

A

endothelial surfaces of the valve erode and infections can occur when bacteria stick to these abnormal surfaces

83
Q

what happens to the heart in mitral valve prolapse

A

enlargement of the LA

84
Q

how many cusps do the semilunar valves have

A

3

85
Q

what do the semilunar valves do

A

prevent backflow into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

86
Q

do semilunar valves have papillary muscles or chordae tendinae

A

no

87
Q

what does each cusp of the semilunar valve have

A
  • a fibrous nodule at the midpoint of the edge
  • a thin CT area on each side of the nodule called the lunule
88
Q

when do the nodules and lunules meet in the center

A

when the valves close

89
Q

what do the coronary arteries arise from

A

the aortic sinus

90
Q

when do the coronary arteries fill

A

as the aortic sinuses fill following ventricular contraction
- it makes blood available to the heart after contraction

Anatomy (27 decks)

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