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Anatomy > Heart and Great Vessels > Flashcards

Heart and Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pericardium

A

a fibrous sac surrounding the heat and roots of the great vessels

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2
Q

what does the pericardium fuse with superiorly

A

tunica adventitia of SVC, ascending aorta, and pulmonary arteries

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3
Q

what does the pericardium fuse with inferiorly

A

central tendon of the diaphragm

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4
Q

what ligaments reinforce the pericardium

A

sternopericardial ligaments anteriorly and posteriorly by loose CT that attaches the pericardium to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi

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5
Q

what overlaps the pericardium

A

the pleural sacs of the lungs

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6
Q

what does the pericardium contact where the pleural sac doesnt overlap it

A

the posterior surface of the sternum and the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

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7
Q

what structures are in between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura laterally

A

the phrenic nerve, pericardiophrenic artery and vein

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8
Q

what does the pericardium contact posteriorly

A

the esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, and main bronchi

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9
Q

what makes up outer layer of the pericardium

A

a layer of dense connective tissue called the fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

what makes up the inner layer of the pericardum

A

an inner serous part that includes a visceral and parietal layer

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11
Q

where is the pericardial cavity located

A

in between the visceral and parietal pleura of the serous part of the pericardium

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12
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain and what does it do

A

a thin film of fluid that enables the heart to move and beat without friction

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13
Q

describe the fibrous pericardium and function

A

-inelastic
-function: to retain the heart in position and limit its distension, prevents overfilling

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14
Q

what is the spatial relationship between the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium

A

they are closely adhered

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15
Q

what is the spatial relationship between the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and the heart

A

they are loosely bound

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16
Q

what is another term for the visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

the epicardium

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17
Q

where is the heart not in contact with the epicardium? what does it contact instead?

A

the posterior area between the venae cavae and pulmonary vein. it contacts fibrous pericardium

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18
Q

describe the development of the heart and pericardial sinuses

A

-formed in embyro due to folding of heart tube
- as the tube folds, the venous end moves posterior and up, so venous end is by the arterial end and separated by transverse sinus
- as the veins grow, oblique sinus is formed, a recess, and blind sac behind the posterior side of the heart

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19
Q

what is a reflection of the pericardium

A

where 2 layers of pericardium meet each other

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20
Q

what are the 2 reflections of the pericardium

A

transverse and oblique sinuses

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21
Q

where is the transverse sinus located

A

at the arterial end where pulmonary trunk and aorta leave the heart

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22
Q

where is the oblique sinus located

A

at the venous end where SVC, IVC and pulmonary veins enter the heart

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23
Q

what does the oblique sinus do

A

assists with frictionless movement of the heart in the pericardial cavity

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24
Q

what supplies blood to the visceral layer of pericardium

A

the pericardiacophrenic arteries (main) , musculophrenic arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta, and coronary arteries

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25
what drains the pericardium
pericardiphrenic vein, internal thoracic vein, and tributaries of the azygos system
26
where does the pericardiacophrenic artery come off
the subclavian
27
what supplies somatic sensory innervation to the fibrous and parietal layers of the pericardium
phrenic nerves
28
what supplies visceral sensory innervation to the epicardium
cardiac plexuses
29
what types of visceral sensory innervation does the epicardium receive
sympathetic and parasympathetic
30
does the epicardium feel pain
no
31
what does the vagus nerve do in the pericardium
unknown
32
what does the sympathetic trunks supply in the pericardium
vasomotor
33
what is pericarditis and what does it cause
inflammation, chest pain from irritated layers of pericardium rubbing against each other
34
what is pericardial effusion
the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space
35
what causes pericardial effusion
local and systemic disorders or idiopathic
36
what is cardiac tamponade
a build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac, puts pressure on the heart which may prevent it from pumping effectively
37
if you were stabbed in the 3rd or 4th intercostal space what part of the heart would be affected
RV
38
what chamber of the heart do you mostly see anteriorly
the RV, you can see a little LV and RA
39
what grooves can you see anteriorly on the heart
atrioventricular groove (coronary groove) and anterior interventricular groove
40
what sits on top of the RA from anterior view
the right auricle
41
what auricles can you see anteriorly
L and R
42
what chambers of the heart is mostly seen on the posterior view
the LV and LA
43
what groove(s) can you see posteriorly
atrioventricular groove and posterior interventricular groove
44
what is in the atrioventricular groove
the coronary sinus
45
what are the two parts of the RA
the sinus venarum, the part with pectinate muscles
46
what is the sinus venarum
the smooth thin walled posterior part of the RA that receives the venae cavae and the coronary sinus
47
what is the sinus venarum derived from
the embryonic sinus venosus
48
what divides the pectinate muscle region from the sinus venarum
crista terminalis
49
what does the interatrial septum divide
the RA and LA
50
what is the fossa ovalis and where is it located
located on the interatrial septum and is a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve
51
what is the purpose of the foramen ovale in embryo
to send blood from RA to LA
52
what happens in patent foramen ovale
- pulmonary system is overloaded - the RA, RV, and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged
53
does patent foramen ovale always require surgery
no only if it is too large to be repaired by itself
54
what is the orifice of the tricuspid valve called
atrioventricular orifice
55
where is the tricuspid valve located
between RA and RV
56
what are trabeculae carnae
muscular elevations on the internal surface of the RV
57
what are the 2 parts of the interventricualr septum
the muscular part and membranous part that is superior and posterior
58
what is the conus arteriosus
a cone shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk
59
what is the pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve guarding the pulmonary trunk
60
what are the 3 cusps on the AV valve
anterior cusp, posterior cusp, septal cusp
61
where are the papillary muscles located on the AV valve
on the anterior, posterior and septal cusp
62
what does the anterior papillary muscle connect to and what does it do
the septomarginal trabeculum, it carries the right branch of the AV bundle
63
what is the function of AV valves
to prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction
64
what do papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do
prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria
65
what valves are open during ventricular diastole (contraction)
AV valves
66
what valves are open during ventricular systole
semilunar valves
67
what are the semilunar valves
aortic valve and pulmonary valve
68
what does the LA receive O2 blood from the lungs via
4 pulmonary veins
69
describe the interior surface of the LA
smooth interior except for pectinate muscles in the left auricle
70
describe the LV compared to the RV
trabeculae carnae are finer and more numerous, wall is two times as thick
71
what is the aortic vestibule
the smooth walled part of the LV that leads into the aorta
72
describe the path of blood in the RV
blood flowing from RV to right AV valve to pulmonary valve follows a U shaped path that changes direction at 140 degrees
73
describe the path of blood in the LV
blood flowing through the LV takes two right turns around anterior cusps resulting in 180 degree change of direction
74
what percentage of people have an atrial septal defect
25%
75
what percentage of congenital heart defects are ventricular septal defects
25%
76
what is a VSD
opening between left and right ventricles associated with shunting of blood
77
where do most VSDs occur
in the muscular portion which spontaneously close
78
what VSDs are more commonly corrected with surgery
membraneous defects
79
what are the cusps of the mitral valve
anterior cusp and posterior cusp
80
what is the most commonly diseased valve in the heart
the mitral valve
81
what happens when nodules form on the cusps of the mitral valve
turbulent flow
82
how does mitral valve prolapse predispose you to infection
endothelial surfaces of the valve erode and infections can occur when bacteria stick to these abnormal surfaces
83
what happens to the heart in mitral valve prolapse
enlargement of the LA
84
how many cusps do the semilunar valves have
3
85
what do the semilunar valves do
prevent backflow into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
86
do semilunar valves have papillary muscles or chordae tendinae
no
87
what does each cusp of the semilunar valve have
- a fibrous nodule at the midpoint of the edge - a thin CT area on each side of the nodule called the lunule
88
when do the nodules and lunules meet in the center
when the valves close
89
what do the coronary arteries arise from
the aortic sinus
90
when do the coronary arteries fill
as the aortic sinuses fill following ventricular contraction - it makes blood available to the heart after contraction

Anatomy (27 decks)

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