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Anatomy > Joints of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

Joints of the Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what are examples of fibrous joints

A

-sutures
-syndesmoses
-gomphoses

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2
Q

what are examples of cartilagenous joints

A

-synchondroses
-symphyses

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3
Q

what is an example of synovial joints and describe them

A

joint capsule
-hyaline cartilage
-some have articular disc
-typically very mobile

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4
Q

what makes up a joint capsule

A

inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous capsule

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5
Q

what do ligaments connect? tendons?

A

ligaments: bone to bone
tendons: bone to muscle

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6
Q

what are synarthrosis joints characterized by

A

no movement

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7
Q

what are amphiarthrosis joints characterized by

A

little movement

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8
Q

what are diarthrosis joints characterized by

A

a lot of movement such as synovial joints

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9
Q

what is nonaxial movement

A

no axis of movement - gliding

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10
Q

what is uniaxial movement

A

single axis of movement - hinge

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11
Q

what is biaxial movement

A

2 axes of movement

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12
Q

what is mutliaxial movement

A

more than 2 axes of movement

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13
Q

what is the bony articulation between the arm and thorax

A

sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the acromion process of scapula and clavicle

A

structural type: synovial, plane
functional type: diarthrotic, gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle

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15
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the scapula and humerus

A

structural type: synovial; ball and socket
functional type: diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus and arm

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16
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the ulna with humerus

A

structural type: synovial; hinge
functional type: diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of forearm

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17
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the radius and ulna

A

structural type: synovial; pivot
functional type: diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius) AND rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination

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18
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between sternum and clavicle

A

structural type: synovial, shallow saddle with articular disc
functional type: diarthrotic, multiaxial

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19
Q

what makes up the pectoral girdle

A

the scapule and clavicle only

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20
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

A

synovial

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21
Q

what does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicle to manubrium

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22
Q

what does the interclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicles

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23
Q

what does the costoclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicle to first rib

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24
Q

how many synovial cavities are in the sternoclavicular joint

A

2 separate

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25
what is the movement type of the sternoclavicular joint and what movements does it facilitate
multiaxial -elevation/depression of clavicle and disc -protraction/retraction of clavicle and sternum -rotation
26
why does sternoclavicular joint dislocation rarely occur
forces are usually transmitted along the clavicle so the clavicle may fracture but joint doesnt dislocate
27
what are most SC joint dislocations the result of
fractures through the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years old
28
what is ankylosis of the SC joint and when does it usually occur
stiffening, fixation or fusion of the joint usually in arthritic conditions
29
what is SAPHO syndrome
an inflammatory disorder that may include synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperstosis and osteitis
30
what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint
synovial joint, plane joint
31
what are the supporting/accessory ligaments in the acromioclavicular joint
coracoclavicular ligaments
32
what are the 2 parts of the acromioclavicular ligament
-superior acromioclavicular ligament - inferior acromioclavicular ligament
33
what are the coracoclavicular ligaments
conoid ligament (medial) and trapezoid ligament (lateral)
34
what happens in a grade 1 separated shoulder
acromioclavicular ligament sprain
35
what happens in a grade 2 shoulder dislocation
acromioclavicular ligament tear
36
what happens in a grade 3 shoulder dislocation
both acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn
37
what is the glenohumeral joint characterized by
-synovial capsulse -weak but very mobile
38
what is the glenohumeral joint reinforced by
tendons of the rotator cuff muscles
39
what does the biceps brachii pierce in the glenohumeral joint and what does it attach to
pierces the capsule and attaches to supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and glenoid labrum
40
what are the capsular ligaments in the glenohumeral joint
- glenohumeral ligaments: superior, middle, inferior - coracohumeral
41
what are bursa
pillows of synovial fluid between muscle and joint capsule and/or bone and joint capsulse
42
what are the bursa in the glenohumeral joint
-subscapular bursa -subacromial bursa -subcoracoid bursa -synovial sheath
43
what can injury to the rotator cuff muscles affect
glenohumeral joint stability
44
is the glenohumeral joint commonly dislocated
YES
45
where do most dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur
in the downward (inferior) direction
46
what prevents upward dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
coracoacromial structures and the rotator cuff
47
do posterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur
yes but they are rare
48
what population do anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur in
young adults and athletes
49
what happens in the anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint
-hyperextension with lateral rotation -humeral head is forced in an infero-anterior direction -fibrous layer of joint capsule and glenoid labrum may tear
50
what happens in anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint from a hard blow to the humerus while fully abducted
-tilts humeral head inferiorly and pushes it through the weaker part of the joint capsule -joint capsule may tear and such that the humeral head is positioned inferior to the glenoid cavity and anterior to the infraglenoid tubercle
51
what nerve can be damaged in an anterior shoulder dislocation
axillary nerve
52
what muscles does the axillary nerve supply
deltoid and teres minor
53
what does the axillary nerve supply sensory to
shoulder joint and skin covering deltoid
54
what is meant by frozen shoulder
adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint
55
what happens in adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint
chronic inflammation in the glenohumeral joint can lead to fibrosis between the joint capsule, rotator cuff muscles and synovial bursa
56
what movements are affected in frozen shoulder
abduction, compensatory scapular movements
57
what joint may become strained in adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint
acromioclavicular joint
58
what might adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint be initiated by
glenohumeral dislocation, supraspinatus tendinitis, bicipital tendinitis and/or rotator cuff tears
59
what articulations does the elbow (cubital) joint consist of
-humeroulnar articulation -humeroradial articulation - proximal radioulnar articulation
60
what is the function of the tricep muscles? biceps?
triceps- extensor biceps- flexors
61
where is the axis of movement for flexion and extension
at the elbow
62
what ligaments in the elbow joint reinforce articulations
medial (ulnar) collateral ligaments and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments
63
what is nurse maids elbow
subluxation and dislocation of radial head
64
what happens in subluxation and dislocation of radial head
distal attachment of annular ligament becomes torn and radial head becomes dislocated
65
what are the classes of subluxation and dislocation of radial head
normal, subclinical subluxation, subluxation, dislocation
66
what is another word for lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
67
what happens in lateral epicondylitis
tendons of forearm extensors become inflammated and/or torn at their lateral epicondylar attachment -in particular the tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis
68
what is lateral epicondylitis from
repetitive motion
69
what is another word for radius fracture
Colles fracture
70
what happens in Colles fracture
complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius
71
where is the distal fragment of the radius displaced in radius fractures
dorsally
72
what do radius fractures result from
forced extension of hand on outstretched limb while breaking fall
73
how many carpal bones in the wrist are there
8 bones
74
how many metacarpal bones are in the hand
5
75
how many bones are in the phalanges of the fingers
14 bones
76
how many segments are in each phalanges
3 segments except the thumb only has 2

Anatomy (27 decks)

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