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Anatomy > Joints of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

Joints of the Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what are examples of fibrous joints

A

-sutures
-syndesmoses
-gomphoses

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2
Q

what are examples of cartilagenous joints

A

-synchondroses
-symphyses

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3
Q

what is an example of synovial joints and describe them

A

joint capsule
-hyaline cartilage
-some have articular disc
-typically very mobile

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4
Q

what makes up a joint capsule

A

inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous capsule

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5
Q

what do ligaments connect? tendons?

A

ligaments: bone to bone
tendons: bone to muscle

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6
Q

what are synarthrosis joints characterized by

A

no movement

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7
Q

what are amphiarthrosis joints characterized by

A

little movement

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8
Q

what are diarthrosis joints characterized by

A

a lot of movement such as synovial joints

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9
Q

what is nonaxial movement

A

no axis of movement - gliding

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10
Q

what is uniaxial movement

A

single axis of movement - hinge

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11
Q

what is biaxial movement

A

2 axes of movement

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12
Q

what is mutliaxial movement

A

more than 2 axes of movement

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13
Q

what is the bony articulation between the arm and thorax

A

sternoclavicular joint

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14
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the acromion process of scapula and clavicle

A

structural type: synovial, plane
functional type: diarthrotic, gliding and rotation of scapula on clavicle

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15
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the scapula and humerus

A

structural type: synovial; ball and socket
functional type: diarthrotic; multiaxial; flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerus and arm

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16
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the ulna with humerus

A

structural type: synovial; hinge
functional type: diarthrotic; uniaxial; flexion, extension of forearm

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17
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between the radius and ulna

A

structural type: synovial; pivot
functional type: diarthrotic; uniaxial; rotation (convex head of ulna rotates in ulnar notch of radius) AND rotation of radius around long axis of forearm to allow pronation and supination

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18
Q

what is the structural type and movement/functional type of the articulation between sternum and clavicle

A

structural type: synovial, shallow saddle with articular disc
functional type: diarthrotic, multiaxial

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19
Q

what makes up the pectoral girdle

A

the scapule and clavicle only

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20
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint

A

synovial

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21
Q

what does the anterior sternoclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicle to manubrium

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22
Q

what does the interclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicles

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23
Q

what does the costoclavicular ligament connect

A

clavicle to first rib

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24
Q

how many synovial cavities are in the sternoclavicular joint

A

2 separate

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25
Q

what is the movement type of the sternoclavicular joint and what movements does it facilitate

A

multiaxial
-elevation/depression of clavicle and disc
-protraction/retraction of clavicle and sternum
-rotation

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26
Q

why does sternoclavicular joint dislocation rarely occur

A

forces are usually transmitted along the clavicle so the clavicle may fracture but joint doesnt dislocate

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27
Q

what are most SC joint dislocations the result of

A

fractures through the epiphyseal plate at the sternal end of the clavicle in individuals less than 25 years old

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28
Q

what is ankylosis of the SC joint and when does it usually occur

A

stiffening, fixation or fusion of the joint usually in arthritic conditions

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29
Q

what is SAPHO syndrome

A

an inflammatory disorder that may include synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperstosis and osteitis

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30
Q

what type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint

A

synovial joint, plane joint

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31
Q

what are the supporting/accessory ligaments in the acromioclavicular joint

A

coracoclavicular ligaments

32
Q

what are the 2 parts of the acromioclavicular ligament

A

-superior acromioclavicular ligament
- inferior acromioclavicular ligament

33
Q

what are the coracoclavicular ligaments

A

conoid ligament (medial) and trapezoid ligament (lateral)

34
Q

what happens in a grade 1 separated shoulder

A

acromioclavicular ligament sprain

35
Q

what happens in a grade 2 shoulder dislocation

A

acromioclavicular ligament tear

36
Q

what happens in a grade 3 shoulder dislocation

A

both acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn

37
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint characterized by

A

-synovial capsulse
-weak but very mobile

38
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint reinforced by

A

tendons of the rotator cuff muscles

39
Q

what does the biceps brachii pierce in the glenohumeral joint and what does it attach to

A

pierces the capsule and attaches to supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and glenoid labrum

40
Q

what are the capsular ligaments in the glenohumeral joint

A
  • glenohumeral ligaments: superior, middle, inferior
  • coracohumeral
41
Q

what are bursa

A

pillows of synovial fluid between muscle and joint capsule and/or bone and joint capsulse

42
Q

what are the bursa in the glenohumeral joint

A

-subscapular bursa
-subacromial bursa
-subcoracoid bursa
-synovial sheath

43
Q

what can injury to the rotator cuff muscles affect

A

glenohumeral joint stability

44
Q

is the glenohumeral joint commonly dislocated

A

YES

45
Q

where do most dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur

A

in the downward (inferior) direction

46
Q

what prevents upward dislocation of the glenohumeral joint

A

coracoacromial structures and the rotator cuff

47
Q

do posterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur

A

yes but they are rare

48
Q

what population do anterior dislocations of the glenohumeral joint occur in

A

young adults and athletes

49
Q

what happens in the anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint

A

-hyperextension with lateral rotation
-humeral head is forced in an infero-anterior direction
-fibrous layer of joint capsule and glenoid labrum may tear

50
Q

what happens in anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint from a hard blow to the humerus while fully abducted

A

-tilts humeral head inferiorly and pushes it through the weaker part of the joint capsule
-joint capsule may tear and such that the humeral head is positioned inferior to the glenoid cavity and anterior to the infraglenoid tubercle

51
Q

what nerve can be damaged in an anterior shoulder dislocation

A

axillary nerve

52
Q

what muscles does the axillary nerve supply

A

deltoid and teres minor

53
Q

what does the axillary nerve supply sensory to

A

shoulder joint and skin covering deltoid

54
Q

what is meant by frozen shoulder

A

adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint

55
Q

what happens in adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint

A

chronic inflammation in the glenohumeral joint can lead to fibrosis between the joint capsule, rotator cuff muscles and synovial bursa

56
Q

what movements are affected in frozen shoulder

A

abduction, compensatory scapular movements

57
Q

what joint may become strained in adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint

A

acromioclavicular joint

58
Q

what might adhesive capsulitis of the glenohumeral joint be initiated by

A

glenohumeral dislocation, supraspinatus tendinitis, bicipital tendinitis and/or rotator cuff tears

59
Q

what articulations does the elbow (cubital) joint consist of

A

-humeroulnar articulation
-humeroradial articulation
- proximal radioulnar articulation

60
Q

what is the function of the tricep muscles? biceps?

A

triceps- extensor
biceps- flexors

61
Q

where is the axis of movement for flexion and extension

A

at the elbow

62
Q

what ligaments in the elbow joint reinforce articulations

A

medial (ulnar) collateral ligaments and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments

63
Q

what is nurse maids elbow

A

subluxation and dislocation of radial head

64
Q

what happens in subluxation and dislocation of radial head

A

distal attachment of annular ligament becomes torn and radial head becomes dislocated

65
Q

what are the classes of subluxation and dislocation of radial head

A

normal, subclinical subluxation, subluxation, dislocation

66
Q

what is another word for lateral epicondylitis

A

tennis elbow

67
Q

what happens in lateral epicondylitis

A

tendons of forearm extensors become inflammated and/or torn at their lateral epicondylar attachment
-in particular the tendon of extensor carpi radialis brevis

68
Q

what is lateral epicondylitis from

A

repetitive motion

69
Q

what is another word for radius fracture

A

Colles fracture

70
Q

what happens in Colles fracture

A

complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of the radius

71
Q

where is the distal fragment of the radius displaced in radius fractures

A

dorsally

72
Q

what do radius fractures result from

A

forced extension of hand on outstretched limb while breaking fall

73
Q

how many carpal bones in the wrist are there

A

8 bones

74
Q

how many metacarpal bones are in the hand

A

5

75
Q

how many bones are in the phalanges of the fingers

A

14 bones

76
Q

how many segments are in each phalanges

A

3 segments except the thumb only has 2

Anatomy (27 decks)

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