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Anatomy > Spinal Cord Meninges August 24 > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Meninges August 24 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the brain stem do

A

connects the spinal cord to the brain

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3
Q

what are meninges

A

layers that cover the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord that contain CSF

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4
Q

what contains the meninges

A

thecal sack/dural sack

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5
Q

where are sensory structures located in the spinal cord

A

dorsal horn

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6
Q

where are afferent structures located

A

dorsal horn

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7
Q

where are motor structures located

A

ventral horn

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8
Q

where are efferent structures located

A

ventral horn

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9
Q

what does white matter contain

A

ascending and descending tracks

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10
Q

what does the grey matter of the spinal cord consist of

A

the horns

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11
Q

which structures are in the ascending corticospinal tract

A

sensory/afferent strucutres

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12
Q

which structures are in the descending corticospinal tract

A

motor/efferent structures

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13
Q

which direction do sensory/afferent signals travel

A

from the body towards the dorsal root and horn

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14
Q

what direction do axons from motor and efferent structures travel

A

from ventral and lateral horn out to the body

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15
Q

where does the spinal cord sit

A

in the vertebral canal

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16
Q

what sits inside of the intervertebral foramen

A

the nerve roots

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17
Q

whaat is another word for meninges

A

dura

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18
Q

describe the meningeal layers and spaces in order of outermost to innermost

A

bone, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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19
Q

what layer or space is CSF found in

A

subarachnoid space

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20
Q

what space do epidurals occur

A

epidural space

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21
Q

what is the denticulate ligament made of and what is its function

A

made of pia mater and they attach the arachnoid and dura mater to anchor the spinal cord in the dural sac

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22
Q

where are denticulate ligaments located

A

they run in between the ventral and dorsal rootlets of the spinal cord

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23
Q

what are the contents of the epidural space

A
  • extradural adipose tissue

- internal vertebral venous plexus

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24
Q

what are the contents of the subarachnoid space

A

spinal veins and arteries

  • CSF
  • arachnoid trabeculae
25
Q

what vertebrae does the cervical enlargement exist

A

c5-T1

26
Q

what is in the cervical enlargement

A

large nerves that give rise to the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus (cervical and thoracic spinal nerves)

27
Q

at which vertebrae does the lumbar enlargement exist

A

L1-S2

28
Q

what nerves are at the lumbar enlargement

A

lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

29
Q

what are the segments of the spinal nerves and how many are in each segment

A
  • cervical (8)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • coccygeal (1)
30
Q

what is the terminal end of the spinal cord called

A

conus medullaris

31
Q

what is the filum terminale internum

A

pia mater extending from the tip of conus medularis to end of the dural sac

32
Q

what is the filum terminal externum

A

all dural layers fused together, anchors dural sac in sacrum; extradural

33
Q

what is the lumbar cistern

A

enlargement of subarachnoid space from L2-S2

34
Q

what is the cauda equina and where is it located

A

L2-S5 and Co spinal nerve roots that form a strucutre that look like a horse tail in the lumbar cistern, forms as a result of differential growth of spinal cord and vertebral column

35
Q

where is the conus medullaris usually located and what is the possible range for its located

A

usually at L1-L2 but can be anywhere from T12-L3

36
Q

where is the best place for a spinal tap and why

A

L3-L5 because the conus medullaris is usually not there

37
Q

what is cauda equina syndrome

A

rate but serious disorder in which the spinal nerve roots that comprise the cauda equina become compressed and cause a pattern of neuromuscular and urogenital symptoms. onset is gradual

38
Q

what are the symptoms of cauda equina syndrome

A

bowel and or bladder dysfunction

  • sexual dysfunction
  • saddle anesthesia
  • pain or weakness in lower limbs
  • loss of knee and ankle reflexes
  • lower back pain
39
Q

what are some causes of cauda equina syndrome

A
  • herniated intervertebral disc
  • stenosis of vertebral canal
  • fracture or other trauma
  • lesion
  • infection or hemorrhage in lumbar cistern
  • developmental abnormality
40
Q

where do segmental spinal arteries arise from

A

the subclavian artery, descending aorta, and internal iliac artery

41
Q

what arteries feed into the subclavian artery

A

vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery, and deep cervical artery

42
Q

what arteries feed into the descending aorta

A

posterior intercostal artery and lumbar artery

43
Q

what arteries feed into the internal iliac artery

A

lateral sacral artery

44
Q

what arteries contribute to arteries that run longitudinally from the brain stem to the conus medullaris

A

the anterior spinal artery (arise from vertebral artery) and paired posterior spinal artery (arises from vertebral artery or cerebellar artery)

45
Q

what do the segmental spinal arteries split into after entering the intervertebral foramina

A

anterior and posterior radicular arteries and segmental medullary artery

46
Q

what is the largest of the segmental medullary arteries, where is it located, and what does it do

A

radicularis magna or artery of ademkiewicz. located in the lower thoracic or upper lumbar region and supplies the lower spinal cord including the lumbar enlargement

47
Q

describe the venous drainage of the spinal cord

A

veins drain from several longitudinal channels into the internal vertebral venous plexus that lies in the epidural space

48
Q

describe the order of venous drainage with veins

A

posterior and anterior spinal veins drain into anterior and posterior medullary veins and radicular veins

49
Q

what does the internal vertebral venous plexus drain into

A

segmental veins that connect to other major systemic routes

50
Q

what does the internal vertebral venous plexus do and where is it found

A

found in epidural space embedded in fat. drains the vertebral bodies and provides a protective cushion for contents of the vertebral canal

51
Q

what is the internal vertebral venous plexus an alternate route for

A
  • the jugular veins of the neck are compressed or occluded
  • blood flow through vena caval system is obstructed
  • intrathoracic pressure is increased
  • intraabdominal pressure is increased
52
Q

what does the internal vertebral venous plexus communicate with

A
  • dural venous channels in cranium
  • veins of scalp and face
  • veins of thoracoabdominal wall
  • pulmonary and caval system veins
  • pelvic and sacral veins
53
Q

what part of the nervous system do ascending tracts originate

A

PNS

54
Q

what part of the nervous system do descending tracts originate

A

CNS

55
Q

what does the dorsal column pathway control

A

fine touch and proprioception

56
Q

what each order or neuron and their function in the dorsal column pathway

A

first order- signals from upper and lower limb to medulla oblongata
second order- pick up signals from first order neurons and carry it from one side to the other and the thalamus
third order- carry signal from the thalamus to the ipsilateral sensory cortex of the brain

57
Q

what are the separate tracts of the spinothalamic pathway and what do they control

A
  1. anterior (touch and pressure)

2. lateral (pain and temperature)

58
Q

describe the neurons in the spinothalamic pathway and their function

A

first order- arise from peripheral sensory receptors in the body and enter spinal cord and synapse at dorsal root ganglion
second order- carry info to thalamus
third order- from thalamus carry signal to ipsilateral primary sensory cortex of brain

59
Q

where are the 2 motor neurons in the corticospinal pathway located and what do they do

A

upper motor neuron located in nucleus of cerebral cortex or brainstem in CNS, responsible for lateral corticospinal tract 85-90% to limbs and anterior corticospinal tract 10-15% to trunk
lower motor neuron located in anterior horn of spinal cord or cranial nerve brainstem center in PNS, axons here project out to innervate skeletal muscle

Anatomy (27 decks)

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