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Anatomy > The Axilla and Breast > Flashcards

The Axilla and Breast Flashcards

1
Q

where is the axilla located in relation to the glenohumeral joint

A

inferior

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2
Q

what junction is the axilla located at

A

the arm and the thorax

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3
Q

what is the axilla an important passageway for

A

neurovascular structures between axilla and pectoral region

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4
Q

what shape is the axilla

A

pyramid shaped

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5
Q

what does the fascia of the pectoral region consist of

A

superficial and deep layers that define borders, invest muscles, and create potential spaces

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6
Q

describe the superficial fascia

A

skin and subcutaneous fatty, loose CT (like campers fascia)

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7
Q

describe deep fascia

A

-surrounds muscles
-attaches to bone in most cases

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8
Q

what muscle does the superficial fascia contain

A

platysma muscle

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9
Q

where is the platysma muscle located

A

muscle over lower mandible, neck and upper thoracic/shoulder region

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10
Q

what nerves does the superficial fascia contain

A

-supraclavicular nerves- cutaneous branches from C3 and C4 cervical spinal nerves
- anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves

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11
Q

what layer is the platysma located in

A

mostly subcutaneous

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12
Q

what layers are anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves located in

A

come up through deeper layers of fascia to subcutaneous layers

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13
Q

what type of fascia is located in the deep fascia of the pectoral region

A

-pectoral fascia
-axillary fascia
-clavipectoral fascia
-deltoid fascia

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14
Q

where is the pectoral fascia located

A

attaches to clavicle and sternum, invests pectoralis major muscle, continuous with fascia of anterior abdominal wall (scarpas fascia)

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15
Q

what does the pectoral fascia become

A

the axillary fascia

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16
Q

what does the axillary fascia form

A

the floor of axilla

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17
Q

where is the clavipectoral fascia located

A

deep to pectoralis major muscle

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18
Q

what does the clavipectoral fascia invest

A

subclavius and pectoralis minor muscles

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19
Q

what does the costocoracoid membrane connect

A

located in clavipectoral fascia that connects subclavius to pectoralis minor

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20
Q

what does clavipectoral fascia attach to

A

clavicle

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21
Q

what does the clavipectoral fascia become

A

suspensory ligament of axilla

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22
Q

where is the deltoid fascia located

A

surface of deltoid muscle

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23
Q

what does the deltoid fascia attach to

A

clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

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24
Q

what is the deltoid fascia continuous with

A

pectoralis fascia

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25
what does the deltoid fascia compartmentalize
scapular muscles
26
what is another name for the clavipectoral triangle
deltopectoral triangle
27
what are the borders of the clavipectoral triangle
deltoid, pectoralis major, middle 1/3 of clavicle
28
what are the contents of the clavipectroal triangle
cephalic vein, deltopectoral lymph nodes, deltoid branch of thoracoacromial artery
29
what is the thoracoacrominal artery a branch of
axillary artery
30
what makes up the apex of the axillary triangle
- clavicle -anterior - scapula - posterior - 1st rib- medial
31
what does the apex contain
the cervicoaxillary canal
32
what is the cervicoaxillary canal
passageway for neurovascular structures such as axillary vessels and brachial plexus components from the neck to the upper limb
33
what makes up the base of the triangle
-skin and superficial fascia - anterior axillary fold - posterior axillary fold -chest wall
34
what is the axillary fossa
the armpit
35
what does the anterior axillary fold contain
pectoralis major muscle
36
what does the posterior axillary fold contain
-latissimus dorsi muscle -teres major muscle
37
what does the chest wall contain
serratus anterior muscle
38
what makes up the anterior wall of the axilla triangle
-clavicle: superior - subclavious muscle: superior - pectoralis major muscle -pectoralis minor muscle
39
what makes up the posterior wall of the axillary triangle
-scapula -subscapularis muscle -latissimus dorsi muscle -teres major muscle
40
what makes up the lateral wall of the axillary triangle
-intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) - tendon of long head of biceps - coracobrachialis tendone
41
what is the separate fascial compartment within the axilla
the axillary sheath
42
what is the axillary sheath
an extension of the prevertebral layer of deep cervical fascia into the cervicoaxillary canal (apex) of the axilla
43
what are the contents of the axillary sheath
-vascular: axillary artery and vein -neurological: cords of the brachial plexus - lymphatic: axillary lymph nodes
44
what is the axillary artery a continuation of and what does it continue as in the arm
continuation of subclavian artery and it continues into the arm as the brachial artery
45
what does the axillary artery provide blood to
shoulder, thorax, and axillary region
46
what is the axillary vein formed by
the junction of brachial vein(s) and the basilic vein
47
what joins the axillary vein as it becomes the subclavian vein
the cephalic vein
48
what type of veins are cephalic and basilic veins
superficial veins of the upper limb
49
what is the spatial relationship between the cephalic and basilic vein
cephalic is lateral/superior and basilic is medial/inferior
50
where is the brachial plexus located
network of spinal nerves from C5-T1 that emerge from the neck and travel into the axilla
51
where are the cords of the brachial plexus located
within the axillary sheath
52
what does the brachial plexus provide innervation to
shoulder, pectoral region, scapular region and upper limb
53
what are the groups of axillary lymph nodes
-pectoral (anterior) lymph nodes (3-5) -subscapular (posterior) lymph nodes (6-7) -humeral (lateral) lymph nodes (4-6) - central (center/base) lymph nodes (3-4) - apical (apex) lymph nodes
54
where are the pectoral lymph nodes located and what vein are they clustered aroun
located in medial wall of axilla -cluster around lateral thoracic vein
55
where are subscapular lymph nodes located in what vein are they clustered around
posterior axillary fold, cluster around subscapular vessles
56
where are humeral lymph nodes located and what vein are they clustered around
lateral wall of axilla, near axillary vein
57
where are central lymph nodes located and what vein are they clustered around
base of axilla, near axillary vein
58
where are apical lymph nodes located and what vein are they clustered around
apex, near axillary vein
59
what glands are the mammary glands
modified sweat glands
60
what type of structure is the breast and what does it rest on
cutaneous structure, rests on pectoral fascia
61
what is the retromammary space
potential space between breast and pectoral fascia
62
what is the blood supply to the breast
from tributaries of subclavian and axillay arteries
63
what is the breast innervated by
-anterior and lateral branches of intercostal nerves 4-6 -supraclavicular nerve branches
64
what does the breast attach to
dermis of overlying skin via suspensory ligaments
65
what are the suspensory ligaments in the breast tissue
cooper's ligaments
66
where do mammary gland lobules converge
on the nipple
67
where do lactiferous ducts drain into
lactiferous sinuses which open at the nipple
68
what is the nipple surrounded by
a pigmented areola
69
what types of innervation innervates the breast tissue and where
somatosensory to skin and autonomic to blood vessels and smooth muscle
70
what is the primary blood supply to the breast
medial mammary branches and lateral mammary branches
71
where do medial mammary branches come from
internal thoracic artery which comes from the subclavian artery
72
where do lateral mammary branches come from
lateral thoracic artery which comes from the axillary artery
73
what is the primary venous drainage of the breast
-mainly to axillary vein via lateral thoracic veins and medial mammary veins via internal thoracic vein - some drainage to internal thoracic vein via anterior intercostal veins
74
what drains the lymph from the nipple, areola, lactiferous lobules
subareolar lymph nodes
75
what drains more than 75% of lymph from breast
axillary lymph nodes (pectoral, central, apical)
76
where is the remaining lymph from the breast drained from
parasternal (internal mammary) and abdominal lymph nodes
77
what is polythelia
accessory nipple
78
what is polymastia
accessory breast tissue
79
what may polymastia and polythelia include
glandular tissue
80
where do polymastia and polythelia appear
along the embryonic mammary crest which extends from axilla to groin area
81
what do adenocarcinomas of the breast arise from
glandular tissue, epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts
82
where do most metastasis go
to axillary lymph nodes
83
what are examples of retraction signs of the breast
-lymphedema by blocking flow of lymph leading to dimpling of the skin of breast -Peau d'orange sign
84
what can invasion of glandular tissue and fibrosis cause
larger, fingertip sized dimpling
85
what does invasion of retromammary space and pectoral fascia cause
the breast to elevate when pectoral muscles contract
86
what is a clinical sign of advanced breast cancer
breast elevating when pectoral muscles contract
87
how can metastatic cancer cells from breast tissue spread
via parasternal lymph node communication with internal thoracic (internal mammary) veins which drain into intercostal veins
88
where do intercostal veins carrying metastatic cancer cells eventually drain
azygos venous system in the posterior thorax and provide the route by which cancers of the breast tissue can spread to thoracic and skeletal structures
89
what does involvement of vertebral venous plexus provide a route for in metastatic cancer
cancer cells to spread to the brain and cranium
90
where may metastatic breast cancer also spread
the liver

Anatomy (27 decks)

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