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Anatomy > Dental Anatomy Lungs > Flashcards

Dental Anatomy Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anatomical components of the rib cage

A

diaphragm, rib cage, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT (lungs)

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2
Q

what causes inspiration and expiration

A

pressure changes in the lungs

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3
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

-conducts and conditions inspired air
- gas exchange between air and blood
-olfaction
- phonation (speech)
- immune defense

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4
Q

where does conducting of air start and end in the respiratory system

A

nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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6
Q

when does development of the respiratory system begin in a fetus and what appears first

A

in week 4, appearance of respiratory or laryngotracheal diverticulum

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7
Q

what do the right and left primary bronchi give rise to in lung development

A

the right and left lungs

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8
Q

what do secondary or lobar bronchi give rise to in lung development

A

number of lobes

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9
Q

what are the lobes in the right lung

A

3 lobes: upper, middle, lower OR superior, middle inferior

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10
Q

what are the lobes in the left lung

A

2 lobes: upper, lower or superior, inferior

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11
Q

what are the lungs contained in

A

pleural sacs

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12
Q

what separates right and left lungs

A

by the heart and great vessels (mediastinum)

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13
Q

what gives rise to the elasticity in the lungs

A

elastic fibers in the alveoli

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14
Q

how much do the lungs recoil when the thoracic cavity is opened

A

about 1/3 of their size

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15
Q

what makes up the pleural cavity

A

visceral and parietal pleura

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16
Q

what is the lung root

A

a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs

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17
Q

what is the apex of the lung, what type of pleura covers it

A

projects 2-3 cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck, covered by cervical pleura

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18
Q

where is the diaphragmatic surface or base of the lungs

A

against the dome of the diaphragm

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19
Q

where is the costal surface of the lungs

A

adjacent to the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and vertebrae

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20
Q

where is the mediastinal surface of the ribs

A

adjacent to the mediastinum

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21
Q

where is the anterior border or the lungs

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart, inferior border

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22
Q

where is the posterior border of the lungs

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet. broad and rounded

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23
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung separated by

A

the oblique fissure

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24
Q

what are the 2 features of the left lungs

A

cardiac notch and lingula

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25
Q

what is the lingula of the left lung analagous to

A

the middle lobe of the right lung

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26
Q

what are the fissures in the right lung and what do they separate

A

oblique fissure: between superior/middle and inferior
horizontal fissure: between superior and middle

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27
Q

describe the shape of the right lung compared to the left lung

A

right lung is larger and heavier and shorter and wider

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28
Q

what is the hilum of the lung

A

the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue

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29
Q

what is the pulmonary ligament

A

where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura)

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30
Q

what structures are in the hilum and where are they located

A

pulmonary arteries (superior), main bronchi (posterior), pulmonary veins (1 anterior, 1 inferior)

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31
Q

what are the surface impressions of the right lung

A
  • azygous vein
  • right brachiocephalic vein
    -SVC
    -esophagus
  • heart
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32
Q

what do the left and right brachiocephalic veins form

A

the SVC

33
Q

why are the trachea rings C-shaped

A

to allow food to pass through the esophagus

34
Q

what support the trachea and bronchi

A

C-shaped cartilagenous rings

35
Q

what is the carina

A

the part where the bronchial tree splits into the primary bronchi

36
Q

describe the anatomical differences between the right and left main (primary) bronchi

A

the right is 2-3 cm, right is slightly wider and more vertical than the left, left bronchus is 5 cm long and more narrow and horizontal

37
Q

how many tertiary bronchi are there

A

10 on the right and 8 on the left

38
Q

how many secondary bronchi are there

A

3 in the right and 2 in the left

39
Q

where do aspirated objects commonly land

A

right lung

40
Q

what do secondary bronchi give rise to

A

the number of lobes

41
Q

what lines primary bronchi

A

respirtory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells

42
Q

what are the tertiary bronchi supported by

A

crescent shaped cartilage plates

43
Q

what supports the secondary bronchi

A

crescent shaped cartilage plates

44
Q

what supports the main bronchi

A

c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

45
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

the anatomical, functional and surgical unit of the lungs

46
Q

what does each bronchopulmonary segment consist of

A

a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin CT septum

47
Q

what are tertiary bronchi drained by

A

intersegmental pulmonary veins

48
Q

what are the advantages to the segmental (tertiary) bronchi

A

can limit the spread of infection and are more easily removed

49
Q

why are bronchopulmonary segments important

A

because a surgeon can resect a segment without seriously disruputing the surrounding lung tissue

50
Q

where are alveoli located

A

at the end of terminal bronchioles

51
Q

describe alveoli

A

thin walls, simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

describe oxygen and CO2 gas exchange in alveoli

A

oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the capillaries while CO2 diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli

53
Q

where are pulmonary arteries located

A

run parallel to the bronchi usually on anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus

54
Q

where are pulmonary veins located

A

run independent courses from arteries and bronchi

55
Q

what do bronchial arteries supply

A

blood for nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura

56
Q

where do the left bronchial arteries arise from

A

the thoracic aorta

57
Q

where do the right bronchial arteries arise from

A

either a posterior intercostal artery or a left bronchial artery or aorta

58
Q

what do the bronchial arteries provide branches to

A

the upper esophagus before they follow posterior aspects of the main bronchi

59
Q

what do bronchial arteries anastomose with

A

pulmonary arteries in the walls of bronchioles

60
Q

what do bronchial veins drain

A

some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries, some drained by pulmonary veins

61
Q

where does the right bronchial vein drain? left?

A

right- azygous vein
left- accessory hemiazygous vein

62
Q

where are the nerves of the lungs derived from

A

the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses

63
Q

what do nerve branches follow in the lungs

A

bronchi and blood vessels into the lung

64
Q

what types of innervation do nerves in the lungs carry

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent (sensory) fibers

65
Q

where do parasympathetic nerves derive from in the lungs and what is their function

A

derived from the vagus nerve and they stimulate secretion from bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth msucle and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels

66
Q

what nerves in the lungs carry sympathetics and what is their function

A

thoracic splanchnic nerves from sympathetic trunk and they stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels

67
Q

what do visceral sensory nerve fibers in the lungs do

A

conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve

68
Q

what happens in asthma

A

overactive parasympathetic and increased mucous secretion

69
Q

where are lymph nodes located

A

around bronchi and within connective tissue

70
Q

what do lympth nodes in the lungs do

A

pick up carbon, dust particles and pollutants not filtered by epithelium

71
Q

how does the lymph drain

A

pulmonary nodes in lung-> bronchopulomnary nodes-> tracheobronchial nodes-> L/R bronchomediastinal trunks

72
Q

what happens in the canalicular stage of lung development in fetuses

A

alveoli and capillaries are developed enough to secrete surfactant to help lungs stay open, minimum stage that would allow baby to survive

73
Q

what is a pneumonia

A

-infection of the alveoli
- can be viral bacterial fungal
- swelling of alveolar walls and fluid in the alveolar spaces
-reduced capacity for gas exchange

74
Q

what parts of the lung is affected by a pneumonia

A

segment, lobe, or entire lung

75
Q

what is emphysema

A

-smoking related disease
-main form of COPD
- destruction of elastic tissue that leads to loss of alveoli available for gas exchange
- alveoli lose ability to stretch
- can expand but cant contract/exhale air

76
Q

how common is lung cancer

A

-second most common malignancy after prostate in men and breast cancer in women
- leading cause of smoking and cancer related mortality

77
Q

where does lung cancer originate

A

in epithelium

78
Q

what are the symptoms of lung cancer

A

-depends on area, metastatic disease, and tumor type
-generally: chronic cough, hemoptysis, excess pulmonary mucus production and increased infections

Anatomy (27 decks)

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