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Anatomy > Dental Anatomy Lungs > Flashcards

Dental Anatomy Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

what are the anatomical components of the rib cage

A

diaphragm, rib cage, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, elastic CT (lungs)

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2
Q

what causes inspiration and expiration

A

pressure changes in the lungs

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3
Q

what does the respiratory system do

A

-conducts and conditions inspired air
- gas exchange between air and blood
-olfaction
- phonation (speech)
- immune defense

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4
Q

where does conducting of air start and end in the respiratory system

A

nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

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5
Q

where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

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6
Q

when does development of the respiratory system begin in a fetus and what appears first

A

in week 4, appearance of respiratory or laryngotracheal diverticulum

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7
Q

what do the right and left primary bronchi give rise to in lung development

A

the right and left lungs

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8
Q

what do secondary or lobar bronchi give rise to in lung development

A

number of lobes

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9
Q

what are the lobes in the right lung

A

3 lobes: upper, middle, lower OR superior, middle inferior

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10
Q

what are the lobes in the left lung

A

2 lobes: upper, lower or superior, inferior

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11
Q

what are the lungs contained in

A

pleural sacs

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12
Q

what separates right and left lungs

A

by the heart and great vessels (mediastinum)

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13
Q

what gives rise to the elasticity in the lungs

A

elastic fibers in the alveoli

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14
Q

how much do the lungs recoil when the thoracic cavity is opened

A

about 1/3 of their size

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15
Q

what makes up the pleural cavity

A

visceral and parietal pleura

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16
Q

what is the lung root

A

a collection of structures entering and leaving the lungs

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17
Q

what is the apex of the lung, what type of pleura covers it

A

projects 2-3 cm through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck, covered by cervical pleura

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18
Q

where is the diaphragmatic surface or base of the lungs

A

against the dome of the diaphragm

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19
Q

where is the costal surface of the lungs

A

adjacent to the sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and vertebrae

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20
Q

where is the mediastinal surface of the ribs

A

adjacent to the mediastinum

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21
Q

where is the anterior border or the lungs

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet anteriorly and overlap the heart, inferior border

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22
Q

where is the posterior border of the lungs

A

where costal and mediastinal surfaces meet. broad and rounded

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23
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung separated by

A

the oblique fissure

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24
Q

what are the 2 features of the left lungs

A

cardiac notch and lingula

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25
what is the lingula of the left lung analagous to
the middle lobe of the right lung
26
what are the fissures in the right lung and what do they separate
oblique fissure: between superior/middle and inferior horizontal fissure: between superior and middle
27
describe the shape of the right lung compared to the left lung
right lung is larger and heavier and shorter and wider
28
what is the hilum of the lung
the area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue
29
what is the pulmonary ligament
where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally from the mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung (becomes visceral pleura)
30
what structures are in the hilum and where are they located
pulmonary arteries (superior), main bronchi (posterior), pulmonary veins (1 anterior, 1 inferior)
31
what are the surface impressions of the right lung
- azygous vein - right brachiocephalic vein -SVC -esophagus - heart
32
what do the left and right brachiocephalic veins form
the SVC
33
why are the trachea rings C-shaped
to allow food to pass through the esophagus
34
what support the trachea and bronchi
C-shaped cartilagenous rings
35
what is the carina
the part where the bronchial tree splits into the primary bronchi
36
describe the anatomical differences between the right and left main (primary) bronchi
the right is 2-3 cm, right is slightly wider and more vertical than the left, left bronchus is 5 cm long and more narrow and horizontal
37
how many tertiary bronchi are there
10 on the right and 8 on the left
38
how many secondary bronchi are there
3 in the right and 2 in the left
39
where do aspirated objects commonly land
right lung
40
what do secondary bronchi give rise to
the number of lobes
41
what lines primary bronchi
respirtory epithelium - pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells
42
what are the tertiary bronchi supported by
crescent shaped cartilage plates
43
what supports the secondary bronchi
crescent shaped cartilage plates
44
what supports the main bronchi
c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
45
what is a bronchopulmonary segment
the anatomical, functional and surgical unit of the lungs
46
what does each bronchopulmonary segment consist of
a segmental branch of the pulmonary artery and a segment of lung tissue surrounded by a thin CT septum
47
what are tertiary bronchi drained by
intersegmental pulmonary veins
48
what are the advantages to the segmental (tertiary) bronchi
can limit the spread of infection and are more easily removed
49
why are bronchopulmonary segments important
because a surgeon can resect a segment without seriously disruputing the surrounding lung tissue
50
where are alveoli located
at the end of terminal bronchioles
51
describe alveoli
thin walls, simple squamous epithelium
52
describe oxygen and CO2 gas exchange in alveoli
oxygen diffuses across the alveolar wall and enters the capillaries while CO2 diffuses from the blood across the alveolar wall to enter the alveoli
53
where are pulmonary arteries located
run parallel to the bronchi usually on anterior aspect of the corresponding bronchus
54
where are pulmonary veins located
run independent courses from arteries and bronchi
55
what do bronchial arteries supply
blood for nutrition of structures of the root of the lungs, supporting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
56
where do the left bronchial arteries arise from
the thoracic aorta
57
where do the right bronchial arteries arise from
either a posterior intercostal artery or a left bronchial artery or aorta
58
what do the bronchial arteries provide branches to
the upper esophagus before they follow posterior aspects of the main bronchi
59
what do bronchial arteries anastomose with
pulmonary arteries in the walls of bronchioles
60
what do bronchial veins drain
some of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries, some drained by pulmonary veins
61
where does the right bronchial vein drain? left?
right- azygous vein left- accessory hemiazygous vein
62
where are the nerves of the lungs derived from
the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses
63
what do nerve branches follow in the lungs
bronchi and blood vessels into the lung
64
what types of innervation do nerves in the lungs carry
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and visceral afferent (sensory) fibers
65
where do parasympathetic nerves derive from in the lungs and what is their function
derived from the vagus nerve and they stimulate secretion from bronchial glands, contraction of the bronchial smooth msucle and vasodilation of the pulmonary vessels
66
what nerves in the lungs carry sympathetics and what is their function
thoracic splanchnic nerves from sympathetic trunk and they stimulate relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle and vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vessels
67
what do visceral sensory nerve fibers in the lungs do
conduct pain impulses to the sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve
68
what happens in asthma
overactive parasympathetic and increased mucous secretion
69
where are lymph nodes located
around bronchi and within connective tissue
70
what do lympth nodes in the lungs do
pick up carbon, dust particles and pollutants not filtered by epithelium
71
how does the lymph drain
pulmonary nodes in lung-> bronchopulomnary nodes-> tracheobronchial nodes-> L/R bronchomediastinal trunks
72
what happens in the canalicular stage of lung development in fetuses
alveoli and capillaries are developed enough to secrete surfactant to help lungs stay open, minimum stage that would allow baby to survive
73
what is a pneumonia
-infection of the alveoli - can be viral bacterial fungal - swelling of alveolar walls and fluid in the alveolar spaces -reduced capacity for gas exchange
74
what parts of the lung is affected by a pneumonia
segment, lobe, or entire lung
75
what is emphysema
-smoking related disease -main form of COPD - destruction of elastic tissue that leads to loss of alveoli available for gas exchange - alveoli lose ability to stretch - can expand but cant contract/exhale air
76
how common is lung cancer
-second most common malignancy after prostate in men and breast cancer in women - leading cause of smoking and cancer related mortality
77
where does lung cancer originate
in epithelium
78
what are the symptoms of lung cancer
-depends on area, metastatic disease, and tumor type -generally: chronic cough, hemoptysis, excess pulmonary mucus production and increased infections

Anatomy (27 decks)

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