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Anatomy Y2 > Vertebral Column 1 > Flashcards

Vertebral Column 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cervical lordosis?

A

Carrying the head upright

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2
Q

What is thoracic kyphosis?

A

Curavature of the thoracic spine outwards

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3
Q

Lumbar lordosis

A

Upright walking, curves inwards

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4
Q

Sacrum and coccyx kyphosis

A

Upright walking, curves outwards

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5
Q

How does the curvature of the spine develop from post natal to adulthood?

A

The vertebral bodies reorganise into wedge shapes
Length increases due to intervertebral disc height increasing

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6
Q

What occurs in hyperkyphosis?

A

Collapse of the thoracic vertebrae

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7
Q

What is the cause of hyperlordosis?

A

Weak back muscles

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8
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Excessive lateral deviation and rotation of the spine

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9
Q

Name 3 main causes of scoliosis

A

Congenital
Neuromuscular
Idiopathic

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10
Q

What 2 structures could the cervical rib compress?

A

Brachial plexus
Subclavian artery

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11
Q

What can occur if the brachial plexus is compressed by the cervical rib?

A

Paraesthesia along ulnar border of forearm
Wasting of hypothenar and interossei muscles, ulnar lumbricals, adductors of the thumb

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12
Q

What can occur is the subclavian artery is compressed?

A

Can cause an aneurysmal dilation of the subclavian artery

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13
Q

In which plane are the joint facets of cervical vertebra able to be seen?

A

Transverse plane

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14
Q

What type of synovial joint is the Atlanta-occipital joint?

A

2 condyloid joints (ellipsoid)

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15
Q

What is the centre of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What is the periphery of the intervertebral discs called?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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16
Q

What is the periphery of the intervertebral discs called?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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17
Q

Do thoracic vertebrae have transverse foramen?

A

No!

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18
Q

In which plane can you see the joint facets of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Coronal plane

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19
Q

In which plane can you see the joint facets of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Sagittal plane

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20
Q

Name the gene that coordinates the development of the vertebral column

A

HOX genes

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21
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Defect/stress fracture on the vertebral arch and articular processes

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22
Q

What causes spondylolysis?

A

Overload of the lumbar spine

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23
Q

What causes spondylolysis?

A

Overload of the lumbar spine

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24
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

When one or more of the lumbar vertebrae are unstable and slip out of place

25
Q

The sacral vertebrae are _____ together

A

Fused

26
Q

Name the joints that connect the spine to the pelvis

A

Sacroiliac joints

27
Q

Which region of the spine is most mobile?

A

Cervical region

28
Q

Which region of the spine is least mobile?

A

Thoracic region

29
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made up of?

A

Fibrocartilage and collagen fibres in alternating directions/layers

30
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?

A

Gel like fluid

31
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?

A

Gel like fluid

32
Q

Where is the nucleus pulposus NOT found in the spine?

A

Between C1 and C2
In the sacrum and coccyx

33
Q

What structure attaches the intervertebral disc to the vertebral bodies?

A

Endplates made from hyaline cartilage

34
Q

List 2 reasons why disc degeneration occurs

A

1- nucleus pulposus dehydrates so disc cannot shock absorb as well
2- annulus fibrosus becomes weaker and endplates become more brittle

35
Q

List 3 things that could occur in disc degeneration

A

1- tears in annulus fibrosus and endplates
2- temporary/permanent protrusions of annulus fibrosus into the vertebral canal/intervertebral foramina
3- herniation of the nucleus pulposus into the outer layers of the annulus fibrosus or the endplate

36
Q

How many ligaments surround the vertebral column?

A

8

37
Q

Which 2 ligaments extend from the skull to the sacrum?

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

38
Q

Which ligament, anterior or posterior longitudinal, is adjacent to the vertebral canal?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

39
Q

Name the ligament on the opposite side of the vertebral canal to the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Ligament flavum

40
Q

What does the ligament flavum connect?

A

Vertebral arches

41
Q

What do the supra spinal ligaments connect?

A

Tips of the spinous processes

42
Q

What do the interspinal ligaments connect?

A

Between the bodies of the spinous processes

43
Q

What do the inter transverse ligaments connect?

A

Transverse processes

44
Q

What do the capsular ligaments connect?

A

Elongated bands of the fibrous capsule connecting the sides of the vertebral arch

44
Q

What do the capsular ligaments connect?

A

Elongated bands of the fibrous capsule connecting the sides of the vertebral arch

45
Q

What is the nuchal ligament?

A

The merging of the supra spinal and interspinal ligaments only in the cervical region

46
Q

What is the function of the nuchal ligament?

A

Stops excessive rocking of the head

47
Q

Name the 3 main ligaments of the Atlanta-occipital joint

A

Alar ligaments
Transverse Atlantic ligaments
Longitudinal fascicles

48
Q

What main ligaments do all the ligaments of the Atlanta-occipital joint form when they join together?

A

Cruciform ligament

49
Q

What is the longitudinal intrinsic muscle of the back?

A

Erector spinae

50
Q

What 3 muscles make up erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

51
Q

What 3 muscles make up erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

52
Q

What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the back?

A

Connects the skull, vertebral column and sacrum

53
Q

Where are transverse intrinsic muscles of the back located?

A

Deep to erector spinae

54
Q

What is the function of the transverse intrinsic back muscles?

A

Rotation and bending of the spine and vertebrae

55
Q

Name the most prominent transverse intrinsic back muscle

A

Multifidus

56
Q

What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Encloses the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum is separate compartments

57
Q

What are the 3 layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?

A

Posterior (superficial)
Middle
Anterior (deep)

58
Q

In evolution, mammals developed a ________ locomotion compared to a lateral locomotion

A

Sagittal

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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