Vertebral Column 1 Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

What is cervical lordosis?

A

Carrying the head upright

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2
Q

What is thoracic kyphosis?

A

Curavature of the thoracic spine outwards

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3
Q

Lumbar lordosis

A

Upright walking, curves inwards

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4
Q

Sacrum and coccyx kyphosis

A

Upright walking, curves outwards

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5
Q

How does the curvature of the spine develop from post natal to adulthood?

A

The vertebral bodies reorganise into wedge shapes
Length increases due to intervertebral disc height increasing

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6
Q

What occurs in hyperkyphosis?

A

Collapse of the thoracic vertebrae

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7
Q

What is the cause of hyperlordosis?

A

Weak back muscles

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8
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Excessive lateral deviation and rotation of the spine

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9
Q

Name 3 main causes of scoliosis

A

Congenital
Neuromuscular
Idiopathic

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10
Q

What 2 structures could the cervical rib compress?

A

Brachial plexus
Subclavian artery

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11
Q

What can occur if the brachial plexus is compressed by the cervical rib?

A

Paraesthesia along ulnar border of forearm
Wasting of hypothenar and interossei muscles, ulnar lumbricals, adductors of the thumb

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12
Q

What can occur is the subclavian artery is compressed?

A

Can cause an aneurysmal dilation of the subclavian artery

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13
Q

In which plane are the joint facets of cervical vertebra able to be seen?

A

Transverse plane

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14
Q

What type of synovial joint is the Atlanta-occipital joint?

A

2 condyloid joints (ellipsoid)

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15
Q

What is the centre of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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16
Q

What is the periphery of the intervertebral discs called?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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16
Q

What is the periphery of the intervertebral discs called?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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17
Q

Do thoracic vertebrae have transverse foramen?

A

No!

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18
Q

In which plane can you see the joint facets of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Coronal plane

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19
Q

In which plane can you see the joint facets of the lumbar vertebrae?

A

Sagittal plane

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20
Q

Name the gene that coordinates the development of the vertebral column

A

HOX genes

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21
Q

What is spondylolysis?

A

Defect/stress fracture on the vertebral arch and articular processes

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22
Q

What causes spondylolysis?

A

Overload of the lumbar spine

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23
Q

What causes spondylolysis?

A

Overload of the lumbar spine

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24
What is spondylolisthesis?
When one or more of the lumbar vertebrae are unstable and slip out of place
25
The sacral vertebrae are _____ together
Fused
26
Name the joints that connect the spine to the pelvis
Sacroiliac joints
27
Which region of the spine is most mobile?
Cervical region
28
Which region of the spine is least mobile?
Thoracic region
29
What is the annulus fibrosus made up of?
Fibrocartilage and collagen fibres in alternating directions/layers
30
What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?
Gel like fluid
31
What is the nucleus pulposus made up of?
Gel like fluid
32
Where is the nucleus pulposus NOT found in the spine?
Between C1 and C2 In the sacrum and coccyx
33
What structure attaches the intervertebral disc to the vertebral bodies?
Endplates made from hyaline cartilage
34
List 2 reasons why disc degeneration occurs
1- nucleus pulposus dehydrates so disc cannot shock absorb as well 2- annulus fibrosus becomes weaker and endplates become more brittle
35
List 3 things that could occur in disc degeneration
1- tears in annulus fibrosus and endplates 2- temporary/permanent protrusions of annulus fibrosus into the vertebral canal/intervertebral foramina 3- herniation of the nucleus pulposus into the outer layers of the annulus fibrosus or the endplate
36
How many ligaments surround the vertebral column?
8
37
Which 2 ligaments extend from the skull to the sacrum?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
38
Which ligament, anterior or posterior longitudinal, is adjacent to the vertebral canal?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
39
Name the ligament on the opposite side of the vertebral canal to the posterior longitudinal ligament
Ligament flavum
40
What does the ligament flavum connect?
Vertebral arches
41
What do the supra spinal ligaments connect?
Tips of the spinous processes
42
What do the interspinal ligaments connect?
Between the bodies of the spinous processes
43
What do the inter transverse ligaments connect?
Transverse processes
44
What do the capsular ligaments connect?
Elongated bands of the fibrous capsule connecting the sides of the vertebral arch
44
What do the capsular ligaments connect?
Elongated bands of the fibrous capsule connecting the sides of the vertebral arch
45
What is the nuchal ligament?
The merging of the supra spinal and interspinal ligaments only in the cervical region
46
What is the function of the nuchal ligament?
Stops excessive rocking of the head
47
Name the 3 main ligaments of the Atlanta-occipital joint
Alar ligaments Transverse Atlantic ligaments Longitudinal fascicles
48
What main ligaments do all the ligaments of the Atlanta-occipital joint form when they join together?
Cruciform ligament
49
What is the longitudinal intrinsic muscle of the back?
Erector spinae
50
What 3 muscles make up erector spinae?
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
51
What 3 muscles make up erector spinae?
Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis
52
What is the function of the longitudinal muscles of the back?
Connects the skull, vertebral column and sacrum
53
Where are transverse intrinsic muscles of the back located?
Deep to erector spinae
54
What is the function of the transverse intrinsic back muscles?
Rotation and bending of the spine and vertebrae
55
Name the most prominent transverse intrinsic back muscle
Multifidus
56
What is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia?
Encloses the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum is separate compartments
57
What are the 3 layers of the thoracolumbar fascia?
Posterior (superficial) Middle Anterior (deep)
58
In evolution, mammals developed a ________ locomotion compared to a lateral locomotion
Sagittal