The Shoulder Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Why is the pectoral girdle more fluid than the pelvic girdle?
A
The bones are only attached in place with ligaments and muscles, not bone attachments.
2
Q
What are the 2 tubercles present on the anatomical head of the humerus?
A
The greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle
3
Q
Which muscle attaches to the superior facet on the humerus?
A
Supraspinatus
4
Q
Which muscle attaches to the middle facet of the humerus?
A
Infraspinatus
5
Q
Which muscle attaches to the inferior facet of the humerus?
A
Teres minor
6
Q
What are the names of the 2 necks on the proximal end of the humerus?
A
Anatomical neck
Surgical neck
7
Q
Which muscle attaches to the lesser tubercle?
A
Subscapularis
8
Q
What inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity and where is it on the humerus?
A
The deltoid muscle inserts, the tuberosity is at the middle of the bone, laterally
9
Q
What is found in the bicipital groove on humerus?
A
The bicep tendons run here
10
Q
What is found in the radial groove and where is this on the humerus?
A
The radial nerve is found here, groove passes across on the posterior side of the humerus
11
Q
Why does the surgical neck of humerus have more weakness than the anatomical neck?
A
Axillary nerve is present here to it is at risk if there is a fracture
12
Q
What muscle attaches to the medial parts of the middle of the humerus?
A
Coracobracialis muscle
13
Q
What part of a muscle attaches to the radial groove?
A
The lateral head of the tricep
14
Q
Name the 3 main parts of the scapula bone
A
Acromion
Spine
Coracoid process
15
Q
Define tubercle
A
Tubercles are attachments for ligaments
16
Q
What does the spine on the scapula separate?
A
It separates the superior supraspinous fossa and the inferior infraspinous fossa
17
Q
Which part of the scapula is most anterior. the coracoid process or the acromion?
A
The coracoid process
18
Q
What does the acromion articulate with?
A
Articulates with clavicle
19
Q
What are the anterior and posterior fossae of the scapula called?
A
Anterior - Subscapular fossa
Posterior - Infraspinous fossa
20
Q
What happens at the glenoid fossa?
A
This is where the joint between the humerus and the scapula is present.
21
Q
What are the 2 tubercles at the glenoid fossa called?
A
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
22
Q
What main feature of the glenohumeral joint allows great mobility?
A
It is a synovial joint, only attached with muscles and ligaments, no bone.
Synovial joint have lots of slack.
23
Q
What can the scapula dp since it is not attached to the rib cage?
A
It can slide over the posterior rib cage
24
Q
What are bursae and what do they do?
A
Bursae are fluid filled sacs that work as a ‘cushion’ to reduce friction between fibrous membranes and surrounding ligaments.
25
What are the main sites in which bursae are found?
Shoulders
Elbows
Hips
Knees
26
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of the bursa.
Causes pain and restricts motion.
27
What does the higher/lateral part of the clavicle articulate with?
Articulates with acromion
28
What does the lower/medial part of the clavicle articulate with?
Articulates with the manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage
29
Name the tubercle present on the clavicle surface and where it is positioned
Coinoid tubercle, present on the lateral/higher third of the clavicle
30
What attaches to the conoid tubercle on the clavicle?
The coracoclavicular ligament
31
What is the trapezoid line and where is it on the clavicle?
The trapezoid line is the attachment of the trapezoid ligament, it is the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament (lateral part)
32
What is the only bony attachment between the trunk and upper limb?
Clavicle
33
What are the ligament and muscle parts of the glenohumeral joint?
Glenoid labrum
Biceps tendon
Arch of coracoid and acromion (coracoacromial ligament)
Synovial and fibrous joint membranes
Rotator cuff muscles
34
What is the name of the synovial joint between the clavicle and acromion?
The acromio-clavicular joint
35
Which ligaments make up the coraclavicular ligament?
The trapezoid ligament
The conoid ligament
36
What 2 ligaments are part of the acromio-clavicular joint?
Acromioclavicular ligament
Coraclavicular ligament
37
Which joint of the shoulder can become dislocated in shoulder separation injuries?
The acromioclavicular joint
38
What is the name of the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?
Sternoclavicular joint
39
What is common between the sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joint?
They are all synovial joints
40
Name the 3 ligaments involved in the sternoclavicular joint
Interclavicular ligament
Anterior sternoclavicular ligament
Costoclavicular ligament
41
What is the surface anatomy attachment for the second rib?
Sternal angle, between manubrium and sternum
42
Name the 2 main ligaments involved in the shoulder joint (glenohumeral)
Glenohumeral ligaments
Coracohumeral ligaments
43
What 3 bands in the glenohumeral joint run from the glenoid fossa to the anatomical neck of humerus?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Stabilises anterior aspect of shoulder
44
What 2 places does the coracohumeral ligament on the humerus attach to?
Attaches from the base of the coracoid process to the greater tubercle of humerus.
45
What is the glenoidal labrum in the glenohumeral joint?
Fibrocartilaginous ridge surrounding glenoid cavity. Reduces risk of dislocation.
46
Where does the joint capsule of the shoulder extend from?
Extends from the anatomical neck to the border of the glenoid fossa.
47
Name the 2 bursae within the shoulder joint
Subacromial
Subscapular
48
Where is the subacromial bursa located and what does it support?
Located inferior to the deltoid and acromion.
Superior to supraspinatus tendon and joint capsule.
It supports the deltoid and supraspinatus.
49
Where is the sub scapular bursa located and what does it support?
Located between the subscapularis tendon and the scapula.
Reduces wear and tear of the shoulder joint during movement.
50
What is the origin of the supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa
51
What is the insertion of supraspinatus?
Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
52
What innervates the supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve C5,6
53
What is the action of supraspinatus?
Initiates abduction of arm 0-15 degrees
54
What is the origin of infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa
55
What is the insertion of infraspinatus?
Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus
56
What innervates the infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve C5,6
57
What is the action is infraspinatus?
Lateral rotation of arm
58
What is the origin of teres minor?
Lateral infraspinous fossa
59
What is the insertion of teres minor?
Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
60
What innervates the teres minor?
Axillary nerve C5,6
61
What is the action of teres minor?
Lateral rotation of arm
62
What is the action of teres minor?
Lateral rotation of arm
63
Is teres major a rotator cuff muscle or not?
No it's not!
64
What is the origin of teres major?
Posterior surface of scapula near inferior angle
65
What is the insertion of teres major?
The bicipital groove
66
What innervates the teres major?
Inferior sub scapular nerve C5,6
67
What is the action of teres major?
Medially rotates and extends arm
68
What is the origin of subscapularis?
Subscapular fossa
69
What is the insertion of subscapularis
Lesser tubercle of humerus
70
What innervates the subscapularis?
Superior and inferior sub scapular nerves C5,6,7
71
What is the action of subscapularis?
Medial rotation of arm
72
Which rotator cuff muscle is anterior on the shoulder?
Only the subscapularis!
73
What are the superficial extrinsic muscles to the humerus?
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
74
What are the deep extrinsic muscles to the humerus?
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
75
What is the origin of the trapezius?
Spinous processes C7-T12
76
What is the insertion of the trapezius?
Lateral third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
77
What innervates the trapezius?
Accessory nerve C3,4
78
What is the action of trapezius?
Rotates scapula to elevate arm
Elevates, depresses, retracts scapula
Extends and rotates the head
79
What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?
Spinous processes T6-L5
Sacrum
Iliac crest
Ribs 10-12
80
What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
The bicipital groove of humerus
81
What innervates the latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve C6,7,8
82
What is the action of latissimus dorsi?
Powerful adduction, medial rotation and extension of the arm
83
What is the origin of levator scapulae?
Transverse processes of C1-4
84
What is the insertion of levator scapulae?
Upper medial border of scapula
85
What innervates the levator scapulae
C3,4 and dorsal scapular nerve C4,5
86
What is the origin of rhomboid major?
Spinous processes of T2-5
86
What is the origin of rhomboid major?
Spinous processes of T2-5
87
What is the insertion of rhomboid major?
Between scapula spine and inferior angle
88
What innervates rhomboid major?
Dorsal scapular nerve C4,5
89
What is the action of rhomboid major?
Elevates and retracts scapula
90
What is the origin of rhomboid minor?
Spinous processes C7-T1
91
What is the insertion of rhomboid minor?
Medial edge of scapula at level of spine
92
What is the insertion of rhomboid minor?
Medial edge of scapula at level of spine
93
What innervates rhomboid minor?
Dorsal scapular nerve C4,5
94
What is the action of rhomboid minor?
Elevates and retracts scapula
95
What is the origin of the deltoid?
The clavicle and scapula (opposite the trapezius)
96
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
The deltoid tuberosity on the humerus
97
What innervates the deltoid?
Axillary nerve C5,6
Used to test the C5 myotome
98
What is the action of the deltoid?
Powerful abduction of arm beyond 15 degrees
99
Name the 5 anterior muscles of the shoulder
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Coracobrachialis
Serratus anterior
100
What is the origin of the pectoralis major?
Medial half of clavicle
Anterior surface of sternum and first 7 costal cartilages
101
What is the insertion of the pectoralis major?
Lateral part of the bicipital groove
102
What innervates pectoralis major?
Medial and lateral pectoral nerve C5-T1
103
What is there action of pectorals major?
Powerful adduction, flexion, extension and medial rotation of the arm
104
What is the origin of pectoralis minor?
Anterior surfaces of rib 3-5
105
What is the insertion of pectoralis minor?
Coracoid process
106
What innervates pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral nerves C5-T1
107
What is the action of pectoralis minor?
Rotates and protracts scapula
108
What is the origin of the subclavius?
The first rib costal cartilage
109
What is the insertion of the subclavius?
Middle third of clavicle
110
What innervates the subclavius?
Nerve to subclavius C5,6
111
What is the action of the subclavius?
Depresses clavicle and stabilises the joint
112
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis?
The coracoid process
113
What is the insertion of the coracobrachialis?
Medial aspect of the humerus
114
What innervates the coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve C5-7
115
What is the action of coracobrachialis?
Flexes the arm
116
What is the origin of the serratus anterior?
Lateral surfaces of rubs 1-8/9
117
What is the insertion of the serratus anterior?
Medial border of scapula costal surface
118
What innervates the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve C5-7
119
What is the action of serratus anterior?
Protracts and rotates scapula
120
What is winging and how does it involve serrates anterior?
Winged scapula is when serrates anterior is not holding the scapula in place.
121
Name the 2 posterior nerves of arm
Suprascapular nerve
Axillary nerve
122
Outline the pathway of the suprascapular nerve
1) Travels from superior trunk of brachial plexus
2) Travels through the suprascapular foramen between bone and supraspinatus muscle
3) Travels through greater scapular notch to infraspinatus
123
Outline the pathway of the axillary nerve
1) Travels from posterior cord of brachial plexus
2) Passes posteriorly to surgical neck of humerus - so it is in danger is fractures
124
Which rotator cuff muscles are innervated by the subscapular nerve?
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
125
Which rotator cuff muscles are innervated by the axillary nerve?
Teres minor and deltoid
126
What is the importance for the arterial anastomoses around the shoulder?
Allows blood to keep flowing in whichever direction the scapula is moving - joint movement can lead to temporary occlusion of blood vessels
127
How many anastomoses are there between he subclavian and axillary artery?
2
128
Outline the path of the anastomoses involving the circumflex scapular artery
Thyrocervical trunk -> Suprascapular artery -> Circumflex scapular artery -> Subscapular artery -> Axillary artery
129
Outline the path of anastomoses involving the deep branch/dorsal scapular artery?
Thyrocervical trunk -> Transverse cervical artery -> Deep branch/dorsal scapular artery -> Circumflex scapular artery -> Subscapular artery -> Axillary artery
130
Is there an anastomoses between the axillary artery?
Yes there is!
131
What arteries is the axillary-axillary anastomoses between?
The humeral circumflex artery and profound brachii artery
