Foot and Ankle Flashcards
1
Q
How many tarsal bones are there?
A
7
2
Q
List the 7 tarsal bones
A
Calcaneous
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Medial cruneiform
Intermediate cruneiform
Lateral cruneiform
3
Q
How many phalanges does the big toe have?
A
2 (same as thumb)!
4
Q
Which tarsal bones are involved in the subtalar joint?
A
Talus
Calcaneous
5
Q
Which tarsal bones are involved in the transverse tarsal joint?
A
Talus
Calcaneous
Navicular
Cuboid
6
Q
Which bones are involved in the tarsal metatarsal joint?
A
Tarsals
Metatarsals
7
Q
Which bones are involved in metatarsal phalangeal joint?
A
Metatarsal
Proximal phalanges
8
Q
Which bones are involved in the interphalangeal joints?
A
Proximal phalanges
Distal phalanges
9
Q
Which digit is the midline of the hand?
A
Digit 3
10
Q
Which digit is the midline of the foot?
A
Digit 2
11
Q
What is a hallux values deformity?
A
Bunion
12
Q
What causes a bunion?
A
Abnormal stresses causing protuberance of bone and soft issue around the medial aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint
13
Q
Describe the treatment of bunions
A
Change footwear
Anti inflammatory drugs
Surgery
14
Q
How many intrinsic muscles are present on the dorsal surface of the foot?
A
2
15
Q
Name the 2 intrinsic muscles on the dorsal surface of the foot
A
Extensor digitorum brevis
Extensor hallucis brevis
16
Q
What innervates extensor digitorum brevis?
A
Deep fibular nerve
17
Q
What is the action of extensor digitorum brevis?
A
Extends toes 2-5
18
Q
Is extensor hallucis brevis widely accepted as an intrinsic dorsal muscle?
A
No, sometimes it is seen as being part of the medial aspect of digitorum bravis
19
Q
How many muscles are in the plantar aspect of the foot?
A
10 intrinsic muscles
20
Q
How many layers of muscles are there in the plantar aspect of the foot?
A
4
21
Q
How many intrinsic muscle are in the first layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
A
3
22
Q
Name the 3 intrinsic muscles on the first layer of the plantar aspect of the foot
A
Abductor halluces
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
23
Q
Which 2 nerves innervate the plantar aspect of the foot?
A
Lateral plantar nerve
Medial plantar nerve
24
Q
What innervates abductor halluces?
A
Medial plantar nerve
25
What is the action of abductor halluces?
Abducts and flexes big toe
26
What innervates flexor digitorum brevis?
Medial plantar nerve
27
What is the action of flexor digitorum brevis?
Flexes digits 2-5 at the proximal interphalangeal joints
28
What innervates abductor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve
29
What is the action of abductor digiti minimi?
Abduction of digit 5 (little toe)
30
What occurs with flexor digitorum longus and flexor digitorum brevis on digits 2-5?
Split tendon, flexor digitorum longus extend to distal phalanx, flexor digitorum brevis stops at the proximal phalanx
30
What occurs with flexor digitorum longus and flexor digitorum brevis on digits 2-5?
Split tendon, flexor digitorum longus extend to distal phalanx, flexor digitorum brevis stops at the proximal phalanx
31
How many intrinsic muscles are in the second layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
2
32
Name the 2 muscles on the plantar aspect of the foot
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
33
How many lumbricals are present on each foot?
4
34
The tendons of which muscle run adjacent tot he lumbricals of the foot?
Flexor digitorum longus
35
What innervates quadratus plantae?
Lateral plantar nerve
36
What is the action of quadratus plantae?
Flexes digits 2-5 with flexor digitorum longus
37
What innervates the lumbricals?
Medial plantar nerve (first lumbrical)
Lateral plantar nerve (second, third, fourth lumbricals)
38
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Flexes the metatarsophalangeal joints
Extends the interphalangeal joints
39
How many intrinsic muscles are in the third layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
3
40
Name the 3 muscles in the third layer of the plantar aspect of the foot
Flexor halluces brevis
Adductor halluces
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
41
How many heads does adducted halluces have?
2
One oblique head, one transverse head
42
How many heads does adducted halluces have?
2
One oblique head, one transverse head
43
What innervates flexor hallucis brevis?
Medial plantar nerve
44
What is the action of flexor hallucis brevis?
Flexion of the metatarsophalangeal joint of big toe
45
What innervates adductor hallcis?
Lateral plantar nerve
46
What is the action of adductor hallucis?
Adducts big toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint
47
What innervates flexor digiti minimi?
Lateral plantar nerve
48
What is the action of flexor digiti minimi/
Flexes the little toe at the metatarsopahalngeal joint
49
How many muscles are in the fourth layer of the plantar aspect of the foot?
2
50
Name the 2 muscles in the fourth layer of the plantar aspect of the foot
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei
51
What innervates the dorsal interossei?
Lateral plantar nerve
Deep fibular nerve (second and third digit)
52
What is the action of the dorsal interossei?
Abducts digits 2-5
Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint
Extends interphalangeal joints
53
What innervates the plantar interossei?
Lateral planter nerve
54
What is the action of the plantar interossei?
Adducts toes 3-5
Flexes metatarsophalangeal joint
Extends interphalangeal joints
55
How many retinacula are present in the ankle?
3
56
Which retinaculum covers the flexor muscles?
The medial retinaculum
57
Which retinaculum covers the extensor muscles?
The anterior retinaculum
58
Which retinaculum covers the fibular muscles?
The lateral retinaculum
59
Describe the position of the tarsal tunnel
Posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus
60
What structure forms the 'roof' of the of the tarsal tunnel?
The medial retinaculum
61
What structure forms the 'roof' of the of the tarsal tunnel?
The medial flexor retinaculum
62
List the contents of the tarsal tunnel
Tendons of tibialis posterior
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial vein
Tibial nerve
Tendons of flexor hallucis longus
63
Where can the pulse of the posterior tibial artery be palpated?
Between the heel and the medial malleolus
64
How many retinacula are part of the anterior extensor retinaculum?
2 - the superior extensor retinaculum and inferior extensor retinaculum
65
What is the superior extensor retinaculum of the ankle joint attached to?
Attached to the tibia and fibula
65
What is the superior extensor retinaculum of the ankle joint attached to?
Attached to the tibia and fibula
66
The inferior extensor retinaculum is a specific shape. What shape is this?
Y shaped
67
List the contents of the anterior extensor retinaculum
Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Dorsalis pedis
Extensor digitorum longus
Fibularis tertius
68
The dorsals pedis can be palpated between which 2 tendons of the foot?
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexors digtiorum longus
69
How many retinacula make up the lateral fibular retinaculum?
2 - superior fibular retinaculum and inferior fibular retinaculum
70
Name the 2 muscles which tendons move underneath the lateral fibular retinaculum?
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
71
How many ligaments are part of the ankle joint?
6
72
The ligaments of the ankle are divided into 2 groups. What are these?
Collateral ligament on lateral side of ankle
Deltoid ligament on medial side of ankle
73
Name the 3 ligaments making up the collateral ligament of the ankle
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior talofibular ligament
74
Name the 3 ligaments making up the deltoid ligament of the ankle
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
75
What is the small cavity between talus can calcaneous called?
Sinus tarsi
76
How many foot arches are there ?
3
77
Name the 3 arches of the foot
Lateral
Medial
Transverse
78
List the structures of the foot that help to maintain the foot arches
Shape of the bones
Connective tissue
Plantar aponeurosis
Ligament
Muscles
79
What is the function oft he arches of the foot?
Acts like a spring for shock absorbing during locomotion
80
Which arches of the foot are longitudinal?
The Lateral and Medial arch
81
Which bone is the keystone for the transverse foot arch?
Intermediate cruneiform
82
Which bone is the keystone for the medial foot arch?
Talus
83
Which bone is the keystone for the lateral foot arch?
Cuboid
84
What is the plantar aponeurosis?
Thick deep fascia of longitudinal bands form the calcaneous to the toes
85
What does the spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular) attach to?
The sustentaculum tail of the calcaneus and the navicular
86
What does the long plantar ligament attach to?
Calcaneus and the cuboid/metatarsal bones
87
What does the short plantar ligament (plantar calcaneocuboid) attach to?
Anterior calcaneus to the cuboid
88
Di the ligaments of the foot give active or passive support to the foot?
They give passive support
89
Name the muscles which have tendons giving dynamic support to the foot
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
90
What does pes planus mean?
Flat feet
91
What are the 2 types of flat feet?
Flexible flat feet
Rigid flat feet
92
What is flexible flat feet?
The foot arch looks normal when the foot in unloaded, however becomes flat when weight is added
93
What is rigid flat feet?
Foot is flat all the time, even when unloaded
94
To whom does flexible flat feet most commonly occur?
In children
95
Which branch of the popliteal artery enters the tarsal tunnel to the foot?
Posterior tibial artery
96
What part of the foot does the posterior tibial artery supply?
The sole of the foot
97
What are the 2 branches of the posterior tibial artery in the foot?
Medial plantar artery
Lateral plantar artery
98
Does the medial or lateral plantar artery supply the big toe?
The medial plantar artery supplies the big toe
99
Does there medial or lateral artery form the deep plantar arch?
The lateral plantar artery forms the deep plantar arch to supply each of the digits
100
Which layer of the plantar aspect of the foot corresponds to the deep plantar arch?
The interossei
101
Which part of the foot does the anterior tibial artery supply?
The dorsal part of the foot
102
Which part of the foot does the anterior tibial artery supply?
The dorsal part of the foot
103
What does the anterior tibial artery become when it passes in front of the ankle?
Dorsalis pedis
104
What does dforsalis pedis become when it joins the deep plantar arch?
Deep plantar artery
105
What 2 main branches does dorsals pedis give off?
Arcuate artery
First dorsal metatarsal
106
What does the arcuate artery supply?
Supplies metatarsals and dorsal digital arteries
107
What does the first dorsal metatarsal artery supply?
Digital branches to the first and second toes
108
Which 2 veins join to form the dorsal venous arch?
Small saphenous vein
Great saphenous vein
109
Which vein do the deep veins of the leg drain into?
Popliteal vein
110
What 2 nerve branches does the lateral plantar nerve divide into?
Deep branch
Superficial branch
111
What are the motor innervations of the medial plantar nerve?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digitorum brevis
First lumbrical
112
What are the sensory innervations of there medial plantar nerve?
Sole of foot
Medial 3.5 toes
113
What are the motor innervations of the lateral plantar nerve?
Abductor digiti minimi
Quadratus plantae
2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbricals
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
All interossei (apart form 1st and 2nd dorsal)
114
What are the sensory innervations of the lateral plantar nerve?
Lateral sole
Lateral 1.5 toes
115
What occurs in Morton's neuroma?
Medial and lateral plantar nerve fuse and form a common plantar nerve - can be squeezed in walking, causes inflammation and pain
116
What are the 2 main nerves that supply the dorsal surface of the foot?
Deep fibular nerve
Superficial fibular nerve
117
What does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
Extensor digitorum brevis
First and second dorsal interossei
Skin between first and second toes
118
What does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
Sensory to dorsal aspect of skin apart from triangle between digits 1 and 2
119
What is the most commonly injured nerve in the body?
Common fibular nerve
120
Why is the common fibular nerve the most frequently injured?
It has a superficial position around the head and neck of the fibula
121
What are the physical symptoms/implications of an injured common fibular nerve?
Foot drop!!!
Affects the eversion, dorsiflexion and extension of toes
High stepping gait
Sensory loss on dorsal aspect of foot
122
What nerve gives sensory innervation to the most medial aspect of the foot and ankle?
Saphenous nerve
123
From which nerve is the saphenous nerve branch of?
Femoral nerve
124
What nerve gives sensory innervates to the more lateral part of foot and little toe?
Sural nerve
125
From which nerve is the sural nerve a branch of?
Tibial nerve
126
What branches of the tibial nerve supply the sole of the foot?
Calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve
