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Anatomy Y2 > Superficial structures of the Neck > Flashcards

Superficial structures of the Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major compartments of the neck?

A

Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment

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2
Q

What organ systems are contained in the anterior compartment of the neck?

A

Digestive tract
Upper respiratory tract
Neurovasculature

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3
Q

What systems are contained in the posterior compartment of the neck?

A

Vertebral column
Muscles of the vertebral column/upper back

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4
Q

What systems are contained in the posterior compartment of the neck?

A

Vertebral column
Muscles of the vertebral column/upper back

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5
Q

Name a muscle found on top of the deep cervical fascia

A

Platysma

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6
Q

How many layers are within the deep cervical fascia?

A

3

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7
Q

Name the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia

A

Superficial/Anterior layer
Pretracheal/Middle layer
Pre vertebral/Posterior layer

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7
Q

Name the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia

A

Superficial/Anterior layer
Pretracheal/Middle layer
Pre vertebral/Posterior layer

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8
Q

What is contained within the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid are contained within it, encloses circumference of the neck

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9
Q

What is enclosed within the pretracheal/middle layer of the deep cervical fascia?

A

Infrahyoid, thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus

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10
Q

What is enclosed within the pre vertebral/posterior layer of deep cervical fascia?

A

Erector spinae, prevertebral muscle, cervical spine, scaleni muscles

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11
Q

What are the carotid artery and jugular vein contained within in the neck?

A

Carotid sheath

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12
Q

Between what space could infections move through in the deep cervical fascia to reach the head from the thorax?

A

Space between the anterior and posterior fascial layers

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13
Q

What are the main arteries of the neck?

A

External carotid
Internal carotid

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14
Q

What are the main veins of the neck?

A

Internal jugular
External jugular

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15
Q

Name 2 arterial branches of the subclavian that also supply the head region?

A

Vertebral arteries
Thyrocervical trunk

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15
Q

Name 2 arterial branches of the subclavian that also supply the head region?

A

Vertebral arteries
Thyrocervical trunk

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16
Q

How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

They travel through the transverse foramina and enter skull through the foramen magnum

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17
Q

Where does the common carotid divide into the internal and external carotids?

A

At the superior border oft he thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

Cerebrum and meninges (no branches to the neck)

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19
Q

What does the external carotid supply?

A

Larynx
Pharynx
Mouth
Nose
Scalp
Skull
Meninges
Thyroid gland

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20
Q

Name 3 branches of the external carotid artery that supply the neck and face

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery

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20
Q

Name 3 branches of the external carotid artery that supply the neck and face

A

Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery

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21
Q

What is the name of the artery that supplies the tongue?

A

Lingual artery

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22
Q

What is the name of the artery that supplies the tongue?

A

Lingual artery

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23
Q

Name 5 more arteries that are important in supplying the face

A

Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal branch
Maxillary artery

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24
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Bulge of the common carotid before its bifurcation

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25
Q

What is the function of the carotid sinus?

A

Senses blood pressure changes due to many baroreceptors

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26
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Found near the carotid sinus, has chemoreceptors that monitor O2/CO2 pressure changes, pH values and arterial blood temperature

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26
Q

What is the carotid body?

A

Found near the carotid sinus, has chemoreceptors that monitor O2/CO2 pressure changes, pH values and arterial blood temperature

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27
Q

What nerves contribute to innervation surrounding the carotid sinus and carotid body?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Cervical sympathetic trunk

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28
Q

Name the 3 main arteries supplying blood to the scalp

A

Posterior auricular artery
Posterior occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery

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29
Q

How does the position of the scalp arteries prevent their constriction following injury?

A

They are tightly bound to underlying connective tissue, prevents them from constricting

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30
Q

Name the main bones of the scalp

A

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Occipital bone

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31
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The weakest part of the skull (joining of multiple bones of the scalp)

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31
Q

What is the pterion?

A

The weakest part of the skull (joining of multiple bones of the scalp)

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32
Q

What symptoms can occur if the tunica intima of the carotid arteries undergoes atherosclerosis?

A

Headaches
Dizziness
Muscular weakness

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32
Q

What symptoms can occur if the tunica intima of the carotid arteries undergoes atherosclerosis?

A

Headaches
Dizziness
Muscular weakness

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33
Q

The union of which 2 veins of the head form the external jugular vein?

A

Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein

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33
Q

The union of which 2 veins of the head form the external jugular vein?

A

Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein

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34
Q

Name 3 veins that join the external jugular vein as it moves down to joint he subclavian vein

A

Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular vein

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34
Q

Name 3 veins that join the external jugular vein as it moves down to joint the subclavian vein

A

Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular vein

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35
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein leave the skull?

A

Jugular foramen

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36
Q

Name 5 veins that drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

Facial veins
Lingual veins
Occipital veins
Superior thyroid veins
Middle thyroid veins

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37
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

Spaces within the dura mater that collect blood from veins that drain the brain and the bony skull.
Drains into the internal jugular vein

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38
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

When there is not enough oxygen in the bloodstream

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39
Q

The pulse of the internal jugular vein indicates….

A

Right atrial pressure

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40
Q

What are the cavernous sinuses?

A

Hollow spaces under the brain behind the eye socket

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40
Q

What are the cavernous sinuses?

A

Hollow spaces under the brain behind the eye socket

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41
Q

What passes through the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery
Cranial nerves 6, 3, 4, 1, 2

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42
Q

Why is the cavernous sinus important?

A

It has potential of passing infection into the face and skull

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43
Q

What is the most superficial nervous structure of the neck?

A

Cervical plexus

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44
Q

What is the most deep nervous structure of the neck?

A

Spinal cord

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45
Q

List the order of the nervous structures in the neck form most superficial to most deep

A

Cervical plexus
Vagus nerves
Cranial nerves
Sympathetic trunk
Spinal cord

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46
Q

Which cranial nerve runs deep to mandible to innervate structure of the mouth?

A

CN3 - Mandibular nerve

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46
Q

Which cranial nerve runs deep to mandible to innervate structure of the mouth?

A

CN3 - Mandibular nerve

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47
Q

Which cranial nerve runs superficial to the mandible and supplies muscles of the face?

A

CN7 - Facial nerve

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47
Q

Which cranial nerve runs superficial to the mandible and supplies muscles of the face?

A

CN7 - Facial nerve

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48
Q

The mandibular nerve leaves through the foramen _____

A

Ovale

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49
Q

The facial nerve leaves through the ____________ foramen

A

Stylomastoid

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50
Q

The facial nerve leaves through the ____________ foramen

A

Stylomastoid

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51
Q

Which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

CN9

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52
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Posterior 3rd of tongue
Sensory supply of pharynx
Carotid sinus
Carotid body

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52
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?

A

Posterior 3rd of tongue
Sensory supply of pharynx
Carotid sinus
Carotid body

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53
Q

The glossopharyngeal nerve leaves through the _______ foramen

A

Jugular

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54
Q

Which cranial nerve supplies the larynx?

A

Vagus nerve

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55
Q

Name the 4 laryngeal nerves that are given off from the vagus nerve

A

Internal laryngeal nerve
External laryngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

56
Q

Is the vagus nerve found within the carotid sheath?

A

Yes!

56
Q

Is the vagus nerve found within the carotid sheath?

A

Yes!

57
Q

The vagus nerve leaves through the _______ foramen

A

Jugular

57
Q

The vagus nerve leaves through the _______ foramen

A

Jugular

58
Q

How many nerve parts does the accessory nerve have?

A

2

59
Q

Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve?

A

CN11

59
Q

Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve?

A

CN11

60
Q

Where do the 2 nerve parts of the accessory nerve arise from?

A

From below the brain (cranial root)
From upper spinal cord (spinal root)

61
Q

How do the nerve parts of accessory nerve interact with the vagus?

A

Both parts join together after entering skull from the foramen magnum.
The spinal part continues to the sternomastoid and trapezius, the cranial part joins with the vagus to larynx and pharynx.

62
Q

Which cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

A

CN12

63
Q

The hypoglossal nerve leaves through the _________________ foramen

A

Anterior Condylar foramen

64
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Musculature of the tongue (passes deep to the the muscles on the floor of the mouth)

64
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Musculature of the tongue (passes deep to the the muscles on the floor of the mouth)

65
Q

Which vascular structures does the hypoglossal nerve travel around?

A

The internal and external carotid artery
Lingual artery

66
Q

Which nerve roots connect to from ansa cervicalis?

A

C1-3

67
Q

What is ansa cervicalis?

A

Neural loop formed by connecting the superior root of C1 and inferior root of C3, with C2 joining into the loop

68
Q

Which nerve root does not have a sensory function?

A

C1 - only has a motor function

69
Q

What muscles does the ansa cervicalis innervate?

A

Infrahyoid muscles

70
Q

Name the infra hyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid

71
Q

Name the suprahyoid muscles

A

Digastric
Stylomyloid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

72
Q

Which nerve roots innervate the prevertebral muscles and sternocleidomastoid?

A

C2 + 3

73
Q

Which nerve roots innervate the prevertebral muscles and sternocleidomastoid?

A

C2 + 3

74
Q

Which nerve roots innervate levator scapulae, trapezius and scalene?

A

C3 + 4

75
Q

Name 4 nerves that come off ansa cervicalis

A

Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerve

76
Q

What sensory innervation does the lesser occipital nerve have?

A

Posterosuperior scalp
C2 dermatome

77
Q

What sensory innervation does the greater auricular nerve have?

A

External ear and skin over parotid gland
C2+3 dermatome

78
Q

What sensory innervation does the transverse cervical nerve have?

A

Anterior neck and upper sternum
C2+3 dermatome

79
Q

What sensory innervation does the supraclavicular nerve have?

A

Skin on suprascapular fossa
Sternoclavicular joint
C3+4 dermatome

79
Q

What sensory innervation does the supraclavicular nerve have?

A

Skin on suprascapular fossa
Sternoclavicular joint
C3+4 dermatome

80
Q

What structure gives sympathetic innervation to the neck?

A

The sympathetic trunk

81
Q

Where is the neck is the sympathetic trunk located?

A

Alongside the carotid sheaths]Anterior to transverse proceed of cervical vertebrae

82
Q

How many ganglia are contained in the trunk?

A

3

83
Q

Name the 3 different ganglia on the sympathetic trunk

A

Superior cervical ganglion C1-4
Middle cervical ganglion C5-6
Inferior cervical ganglion C7-T1

84
Q

How does sympathetic activity dilate the pupil?

A

It relaxes the ciliary muscles of the eye

85
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect salivary and lacrimal glands?

A

It reduces secretion of saliva and secretions from lacrimal glands

86
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect sweat glands?

A

Increases secretion from sweat glands

86
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect sweat glands?

A

Increases secretion from sweat glands

87
Q

What is the general pattern of drainage for the lymph of head and neck?

A

Generally lymph drains from superficial to deep lymph nodes, then to the right lymphatic or thoracic duct
(sometimes lymph drains straight to deep nodes)

88
Q

Name the 5 main groups of lymph nodes of the head and neck

A

Occipital nodes
Mastoid nodes
Parotid/Preauricular nodes
Submandibular nodes
Submental nodes

89
Q

Which artery is near the submandibular artery?

A

Facial artery

90
Q

Which artery is near the submittal artery?

A

Facial artery

91
Q

Which artery is near the parotid/preauricular artery?

A

Superficial temporal artery

92
Q

What artery is near the mastoid nodes?

A

Auricular artery

92
Q

What artery is near the mastoid nodes?

A

Auricular artery

93
Q

Where are the deep chain nodes found in the head and neck?

A

Behind the stenocleidomastoi
With the internal jugular vein

94
Q

Name the deep lymph node that receives lymph from the tonsils and tonsillar beds

A

Jugulodigastric node

95
Q

Name the deep lymph node that receives lymph from the tonsils and tonsillar beds

A

Jugulodigastric node

96
Q

Name the deep lymph node that receives lymphs from the tongue

A

Jugulo-omohyoid

97
Q

Supraclavicular lymph nodes drain lymph from neck and upper trunk. What does this mean for the types of cancers they could be involved in?

A

Could be swollen due to cancers of the chest or abdomen

98
Q

What is Virchow’s node?

A

A supraclavicular lymph node that drains lymph from abdominal cavity

99
Q

What is Troisier’s sign?

A

An enlarged lymph node

100
Q

What does Troisier’s sign indicate?

A

Indicates presence of a cancer in the abdomen that is spreading through lymph vessels

101
Q

What are 3 muscles that cover majority of the neck?

A

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

101
Q

What are 3 muscles that cover majority of the neck?

A

Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

102
Q

What is the origin of platysma?

A

Deep fascia and skin of chest and shoulder

103
Q

What is the insertion of platysma?

A

Deep fascia of neck

104
Q

What is the action of platysma?

A

Facial expression

105
Q

What is the action of platysma?

A

Facial expression

106
Q

What innervates platysma?

A

Facial nerve CN7

107
Q

What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Front of manubrium and first third of clavicle

108
Q

What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

108
Q

What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

109
Q

What is the action of sternocleidomastoid?

A

Movement of head laterally and rotating head to opposite sides

110
Q

What innervates sternocleidomastoid?

A

Spinal part of accessory nerve CN11

111
Q

What innervates sternocleidomastoid?

A

Spinal part of accessory nerve CN11

112
Q

What is the origin of trapezius?

A

Middle and superior nuchal lines

113
Q

What is the insertion of trapezius?

A

Lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula

114
Q

What is the insertion of trapezius?

A

Lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula

115
Q

What is the action of trapezius?

A

Rotation, retraction, elevation and depression of scapula

116
Q

What innervates trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve CN11

116
Q

What innervates trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve CN11

117
Q

What is the superior border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Inferior side of the mandible

118
Q

What is the lateral border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Medial border of sternocleidomastoid

119
Q

What is the medial border of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Midline of the body

120
Q

Which artery bifurcates within the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid artery

121
Q

Which artery bifurcates within the anterior triangle?

A

Common carotid artery

122
Q

Which cranial nerves are found in the anterior triangle?

A

CN7
CN9
CN10
CN11
CN12

123
Q

How many scalene muscles are there?

A

3

124
Q

How many scalene muscles are there?

A

3

125
Q

What is the anterior triangle also called?

A

Carotid triangle

126
Q

Which big vein emerges from the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

External jugular vein

127
Q

What is the anterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

128
Q

What is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Anterior border of trapezius

129
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle third of clavicle

130
Q

What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?

A

Middle third of clavicle

131
Q

What is the floor of the posterior triangle?

A

Prevertebral fascia, levator scapulae, ant+post+middle scalene

132
Q

Which muscle is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Omohyoid

133
Q

Name 4 veins that can be found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular veins

133
Q

Name 4 veins that can be found in the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular veins

134
Q

What nerves are found in the posterior of the neck?

A

CN11
Cervical plexus
Trunks of brachial plexus

135
Q

What is the inferior border of the submental triangle?

A

Hyoid bone

136
Q

What is the medial border of the submental triangle?

A

Sagittal line of the neck

137
Q

What is the lateral border of the submental triangle?

A

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

138
Q

What is the base of the submental triangle?

A

Mylohyoid muscle

139
Q

What is the superior border of the submandibular triangle?

A

Body of mandible

140
Q

What is the anterior border of the submandibular triangle?

A

Anterior belly of digastric

141
Q

What is the posterior border of the submandibular triangular?

A

Posterior belly of the digastric

142
Q

What is found in the submandibular triangle?

A

Infrahyoid muscles
Pharynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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