Superficial structures of the Neck Flashcards
What are the 2 major compartments of the neck?
Anterior compartment
Posterior compartment
What organ systems are contained in the anterior compartment of the neck?
Digestive tract
Upper respiratory tract
Neurovasculature
What systems are contained in the posterior compartment of the neck?
Vertebral column
Muscles of the vertebral column/upper back
What systems are contained in the posterior compartment of the neck?
Vertebral column
Muscles of the vertebral column/upper back
Name a muscle found on top of the deep cervical fascia
Platysma
How many layers are within the deep cervical fascia?
3
Name the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia
Superficial/Anterior layer
Pretracheal/Middle layer
Pre vertebral/Posterior layer
Name the 3 layers of deep cervical fascia
Superficial/Anterior layer
Pretracheal/Middle layer
Pre vertebral/Posterior layer
What is contained within the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid are contained within it, encloses circumference of the neck
What is enclosed within the pretracheal/middle layer of the deep cervical fascia?
Infrahyoid, thyroid gland, trachea and oesophagus
What is enclosed within the pre vertebral/posterior layer of deep cervical fascia?
Erector spinae, prevertebral muscle, cervical spine, scaleni muscles
What are the carotid artery and jugular vein contained within in the neck?
Carotid sheath
Between what space could infections move through in the deep cervical fascia to reach the head from the thorax?
Space between the anterior and posterior fascial layers
What are the main arteries of the neck?
External carotid
Internal carotid
What are the main veins of the neck?
Internal jugular
External jugular
Name 2 arterial branches of the subclavian that also supply the head region?
Vertebral arteries
Thyrocervical trunk
Name 2 arterial branches of the subclavian that also supply the head region?
Vertebral arteries
Thyrocervical trunk
How do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?
They travel through the transverse foramina and enter skull through the foramen magnum
Where does the common carotid divide into the internal and external carotids?
At the superior border oft he thyroid cartilage
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
Cerebrum and meninges (no branches to the neck)
What does the external carotid supply?
Larynx
Pharynx
Mouth
Nose
Scalp
Skull
Meninges
Thyroid gland
Name 3 branches of the external carotid artery that supply the neck and face
Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Name 3 branches of the external carotid artery that supply the neck and face
Superior thyroid artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
What is the name of the artery that supplies the tongue?
Lingual artery
What is the name of the artery that supplies the tongue?
Lingual artery
Name 5 more arteries that are important in supplying the face
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal branch
Maxillary artery
What is the carotid sinus?
Bulge of the common carotid before its bifurcation
What is the function of the carotid sinus?
Senses blood pressure changes due to many baroreceptors
What is the carotid body?
Found near the carotid sinus, has chemoreceptors that monitor O2/CO2 pressure changes, pH values and arterial blood temperature
What is the carotid body?
Found near the carotid sinus, has chemoreceptors that monitor O2/CO2 pressure changes, pH values and arterial blood temperature
What nerves contribute to innervation surrounding the carotid sinus and carotid body?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Cervical sympathetic trunk
Name the 3 main arteries supplying blood to the scalp
Posterior auricular artery
Posterior occipital artery
Superficial temporal artery
How does the position of the scalp arteries prevent their constriction following injury?
They are tightly bound to underlying connective tissue, prevents them from constricting
Name the main bones of the scalp
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Occipital bone
What is the pterion?
The weakest part of the skull (joining of multiple bones of the scalp)
What is the pterion?
The weakest part of the skull (joining of multiple bones of the scalp)
What symptoms can occur if the tunica intima of the carotid arteries undergoes atherosclerosis?
Headaches
Dizziness
Muscular weakness
What symptoms can occur if the tunica intima of the carotid arteries undergoes atherosclerosis?
Headaches
Dizziness
Muscular weakness
The union of which 2 veins of the head form the external jugular vein?
Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein
The union of which 2 veins of the head form the external jugular vein?
Posterior auricular vein
Retromandibular vein
Name 3 veins that join the external jugular vein as it moves down to joint he subclavian vein
Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular vein
Name 3 veins that join the external jugular vein as it moves down to joint the subclavian vein
Posterior external jugular vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular vein
Where does the internal jugular vein leave the skull?
Jugular foramen
Name 5 veins that drain into the internal jugular vein?
Facial veins
Lingual veins
Occipital veins
Superior thyroid veins
Middle thyroid veins
What are dural venous sinuses?
Spaces within the dura mater that collect blood from veins that drain the brain and the bony skull.
Drains into the internal jugular vein
What is cyanosis?
When there is not enough oxygen in the bloodstream
The pulse of the internal jugular vein indicates….
Right atrial pressure
What are the cavernous sinuses?
Hollow spaces under the brain behind the eye socket
What are the cavernous sinuses?
Hollow spaces under the brain behind the eye socket
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
Internal carotid artery
Cranial nerves 6, 3, 4, 1, 2
Why is the cavernous sinus important?
It has potential of passing infection into the face and skull
What is the most superficial nervous structure of the neck?
Cervical plexus
What is the most deep nervous structure of the neck?
Spinal cord
List the order of the nervous structures in the neck form most superficial to most deep
Cervical plexus
Vagus nerves
Cranial nerves
Sympathetic trunk
Spinal cord
Which cranial nerve runs deep to mandible to innervate structure of the mouth?
CN3 - Mandibular nerve
Which cranial nerve runs deep to mandible to innervate structure of the mouth?
CN3 - Mandibular nerve
Which cranial nerve runs superficial to the mandible and supplies muscles of the face?
CN7 - Facial nerve
Which cranial nerve runs superficial to the mandible and supplies muscles of the face?
CN7 - Facial nerve
The mandibular nerve leaves through the foramen _____
Ovale
The facial nerve leaves through the ____________ foramen
Stylomastoid
The facial nerve leaves through the ____________ foramen
Stylomastoid
Which cranial nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve?
CN9
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
Posterior 3rd of tongue
Sensory supply of pharynx
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate?
Posterior 3rd of tongue
Sensory supply of pharynx
Carotid sinus
Carotid body
The glossopharyngeal nerve leaves through the _______ foramen
Jugular
Which cranial nerve supplies the larynx?
Vagus nerve
Name the 4 laryngeal nerves that are given off from the vagus nerve
Internal laryngeal nerve
External laryngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Is the vagus nerve found within the carotid sheath?
Yes!
Is the vagus nerve found within the carotid sheath?
Yes!
The vagus nerve leaves through the _______ foramen
Jugular
The vagus nerve leaves through the _______ foramen
Jugular
How many nerve parts does the accessory nerve have?
2
Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve?
CN11
Which cranial nerve is the accessory nerve?
CN11
Where do the 2 nerve parts of the accessory nerve arise from?
From below the brain (cranial root)
From upper spinal cord (spinal root)
How do the nerve parts of accessory nerve interact with the vagus?
Both parts join together after entering skull from the foramen magnum.
The spinal part continues to the sternomastoid and trapezius, the cranial part joins with the vagus to larynx and pharynx.
Which cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?
CN12
The hypoglossal nerve leaves through the _________________ foramen
Anterior Condylar foramen
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Musculature of the tongue (passes deep to the the muscles on the floor of the mouth)
What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Musculature of the tongue (passes deep to the the muscles on the floor of the mouth)
Which vascular structures does the hypoglossal nerve travel around?
The internal and external carotid artery
Lingual artery
Which nerve roots connect to from ansa cervicalis?
C1-3
What is ansa cervicalis?
Neural loop formed by connecting the superior root of C1 and inferior root of C3, with C2 joining into the loop
Which nerve root does not have a sensory function?
C1 - only has a motor function
What muscles does the ansa cervicalis innervate?
Infrahyoid muscles
Name the infra hyoid muscles
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Name the suprahyoid muscles
Digastric
Stylomyloid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Which nerve roots innervate the prevertebral muscles and sternocleidomastoid?
C2 + 3
Which nerve roots innervate the prevertebral muscles and sternocleidomastoid?
C2 + 3
Which nerve roots innervate levator scapulae, trapezius and scalene?
C3 + 4
Name 4 nerves that come off ansa cervicalis
Lesser occipital nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Transverse cervical nerve
Supraclavicular nerve
What sensory innervation does the lesser occipital nerve have?
Posterosuperior scalp
C2 dermatome
What sensory innervation does the greater auricular nerve have?
External ear and skin over parotid gland
C2+3 dermatome
What sensory innervation does the transverse cervical nerve have?
Anterior neck and upper sternum
C2+3 dermatome
What sensory innervation does the supraclavicular nerve have?
Skin on suprascapular fossa
Sternoclavicular joint
C3+4 dermatome
What sensory innervation does the supraclavicular nerve have?
Skin on suprascapular fossa
Sternoclavicular joint
C3+4 dermatome
What structure gives sympathetic innervation to the neck?
The sympathetic trunk
Where is the neck is the sympathetic trunk located?
Alongside the carotid sheaths]Anterior to transverse proceed of cervical vertebrae
How many ganglia are contained in the trunk?
3
Name the 3 different ganglia on the sympathetic trunk
Superior cervical ganglion C1-4
Middle cervical ganglion C5-6
Inferior cervical ganglion C7-T1
How does sympathetic activity dilate the pupil?
It relaxes the ciliary muscles of the eye
How does sympathetic activity affect salivary and lacrimal glands?
It reduces secretion of saliva and secretions from lacrimal glands
How does sympathetic activity affect sweat glands?
Increases secretion from sweat glands
How does sympathetic activity affect sweat glands?
Increases secretion from sweat glands
What is the general pattern of drainage for the lymph of head and neck?
Generally lymph drains from superficial to deep lymph nodes, then to the right lymphatic or thoracic duct
(sometimes lymph drains straight to deep nodes)
Name the 5 main groups of lymph nodes of the head and neck
Occipital nodes
Mastoid nodes
Parotid/Preauricular nodes
Submandibular nodes
Submental nodes
Which artery is near the submandibular artery?
Facial artery
Which artery is near the submittal artery?
Facial artery
Which artery is near the parotid/preauricular artery?
Superficial temporal artery
What artery is near the mastoid nodes?
Auricular artery
What artery is near the mastoid nodes?
Auricular artery
Where are the deep chain nodes found in the head and neck?
Behind the stenocleidomastoi
With the internal jugular vein
Name the deep lymph node that receives lymph from the tonsils and tonsillar beds
Jugulodigastric node
Name the deep lymph node that receives lymph from the tonsils and tonsillar beds
Jugulodigastric node
Name the deep lymph node that receives lymphs from the tongue
Jugulo-omohyoid
Supraclavicular lymph nodes drain lymph from neck and upper trunk. What does this mean for the types of cancers they could be involved in?
Could be swollen due to cancers of the chest or abdomen
What is Virchow’s node?
A supraclavicular lymph node that drains lymph from abdominal cavity
What is Troisier’s sign?
An enlarged lymph node
What does Troisier’s sign indicate?
Indicates presence of a cancer in the abdomen that is spreading through lymph vessels
What are 3 muscles that cover majority of the neck?
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
What are 3 muscles that cover majority of the neck?
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
What is the origin of platysma?
Deep fascia and skin of chest and shoulder
What is the insertion of platysma?
Deep fascia of neck
What is the action of platysma?
Facial expression
What is the action of platysma?
Facial expression
What innervates platysma?
Facial nerve CN7
What is the origin of sternocleidomastoid?
Front of manubrium and first third of clavicle
What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
What is the insertion of sternocleidomastoid?
Mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
What is the action of sternocleidomastoid?
Movement of head laterally and rotating head to opposite sides
What innervates sternocleidomastoid?
Spinal part of accessory nerve CN11
What innervates sternocleidomastoid?
Spinal part of accessory nerve CN11
What is the origin of trapezius?
Middle and superior nuchal lines
What is the insertion of trapezius?
Lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
What is the insertion of trapezius?
Lateral 3rd of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula
What is the action of trapezius?
Rotation, retraction, elevation and depression of scapula
What innervates trapezius?
Accessory nerve CN11
What innervates trapezius?
Accessory nerve CN11
What is the superior border of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Inferior side of the mandible
What is the lateral border of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Medial border of sternocleidomastoid
What is the medial border of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Midline of the body
Which artery bifurcates within the anterior triangle?
Common carotid artery
Which artery bifurcates within the anterior triangle?
Common carotid artery
Which cranial nerves are found in the anterior triangle?
CN7
CN9
CN10
CN11
CN12
How many scalene muscles are there?
3
How many scalene muscles are there?
3
What is the anterior triangle also called?
Carotid triangle
Which big vein emerges from the posterior triangle of the neck?
External jugular vein
What is the anterior border of the posterior triangle?
The posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
What is the posterior border of the posterior triangle?
Anterior border of trapezius
What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?
Middle third of clavicle
What is the inferior border of the posterior triangle?
Middle third of clavicle
What is the floor of the posterior triangle?
Prevertebral fascia, levator scapulae, ant+post+middle scalene
Which muscle is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
Omohyoid
Name 4 veins that can be found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular veins
Name 4 veins that can be found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
External jugular vein
Subclavian vein
Transverse cervical vein
Suprascapular veins
What nerves are found in the posterior of the neck?
CN11
Cervical plexus
Trunks of brachial plexus
What is the inferior border of the submental triangle?
Hyoid bone
What is the medial border of the submental triangle?
Sagittal line of the neck
What is the lateral border of the submental triangle?
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
What is the base of the submental triangle?
Mylohyoid muscle
What is the superior border of the submandibular triangle?
Body of mandible
What is the anterior border of the submandibular triangle?
Anterior belly of digastric
What is the posterior border of the submandibular triangular?
Posterior belly of the digastric
What is found in the submandibular triangle?
Infrahyoid muscles
Pharynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid glands
