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Anatomy Y2 > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

Does the proximal part of the tibia have condyles?

A

Yes! It has medial and lateral condyles

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2
Q

What is the name of the structure between the medial and lateral superior articular surfaces of the tibia?

A

Intercondylar eminence

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3
Q

What is another word for the intercondylar eminence?

A

Tibial spine

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4
Q

Name the 2 ligaments that attach to the patella

A

Quadriceps femoris
Patella ligament

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5
Q

Is the soleal line on the anterior or posterior surface of the tibia?

A

Posterior surface of tibia

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5
Q

Is the soleal line on the anterior or posterior surface of the tibia?

A

Posterior surface of tibia

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6
Q

Which is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

A

Patella

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7
Q

Are the articular surfaces of the tibia and femur congruent?

A

No, they are not, they attach better with their respective ligaments

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8
Q

Why type of synovial joint is the knee joint?

A

Bicondylar synovial joint

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9
Q

What 4 factors of the knee joint affect its stability

A

Menisci
Membranes
Ligaments
Muscle sand tendons

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10
Q

How many menisci are there?

A

2

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11
Q

Name the 2 menisci of the knee

A

Lateral meniscus
Medial meniscus

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12
Q

What is infra patellar fat?

A

Fat located underneath the patellar ligament

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13
Q

What is infra patellar fat?

A

Fat located underneath the patellar ligament

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14
Q

What is the function of the menisci?

A

They improve the fit of the tibia and femur

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15
Q

Which meniscus is more tightly attached to tissues, the lateral or medial?

A

The medial meniscus is more tightly attached to tissues than the lateral meniscus

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16
Q

How can menisci be torn?

A

By excessive rotation to a flexed knee

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17
Q

Which meniscus tears more frequently?

A

The medial meniscus

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18
Q

What indicates a torn meniscus?

A

Pain on either medial or lateral rotation of the knee, respectively

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18
Q

What indicates a torn meniscus?

A

Pain on either medial or lateral rotation of the knee, respectively

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19
Q

The cruciate ligaments are ____ articular but _____ synovial

A

Intra
Extra

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20
Q

Which ligament of the knee is not included within the synovial membrane?

A

Cruciate ligaments

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21
Q

How many bursae are found in the knee joint?

A

4

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22
Q

Name the 4 bursae in the knee

A

Suprapatella bursa
Prepatellar bursa
Infrapatellar bursae
Semimembranosus bursa

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23
Q

Describe the location of the suprapatella bursa

A

Between the quadriceps femoris tendon and the femur

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24
Q

Describe the location of the prepatella bursa

A

Between the skin and the top of the patella

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25
Q

Describe the location of the infra patella bursae

A

Deep - between patella ligament and tibia
Superficial - between skin and patella ligament

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26
Q

Describe the location of the semimembranosus bursa

A

Posterior between the semimembranosus and the medial head of gastrocnemius

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27
Q

What is the condition called when there is inflammation of the infrapatellar bursa?

A

Clergyman’s knee (infra patellar bursitis)

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28
Q

What is the condition called when there is inflammation of the prepatellar bursa?

A

Housemaid’s knee (prepatellar bursitis)

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29
Q

What is the main cause of inflammation of the bursa in the knee?

A

Too much mechanical stress

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30
Q

Name the 2 main ligaments outside the knee joint

A

Lateral collateral ligament (fibular)
Medial collateral ligament (tibial)

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31
Q

What are the attachment sites of the lateral collateral ligament (fibular)?

A

Lateral epicondyle, to the depression on the lateral surface of fibular head

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32
Q

What are the attachment sites of the medial collateral ligament (tibial)?

A

Medial epicondyle of femur, to the medial surface of tibia

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33
Q

What is the main function of the collateral ligaments?

A

To stabilise the hinge motion and prevent medial or lateral movement of the knee

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34
Q

What is the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Anterior intercondylar region of tibia, ascends posteriorly to the femur in the intercondylar fossa

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35
Q

What type of dislocation does the anterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Prevents anterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

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36
Q

What are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Posterior intercondylar region of tibia, ascends anteriorly to the femur in the intercondylar fossa

37
Q

What type of dislocation does the posterior cruciate ligament prevent?

A

Prevents posterior dislocation of tibia onto femur

38
Q

The anterior cruciate ligament limits _________

39
Q

The posterior cruciate ligament prevents _______

40
Q

Which cruciate ligament is the main stabiliser of a weight bearing knee?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

41
Q

Which cruciate ligament is the main stabiliser of a weight bearing knee?

A

Posterior cruciate ligament

42
Q

Which ligament of the knee is not attached to the underlying fibrous membrane?

A

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

43
Q

Name a test used on patients to check the cruciate ligaments

A

Drawer tests

44
Q

Outline the drawer test

A

Patient lies supine with flexed knees, and pulling and pushing on the leg helps to see if there is displacement of the femur anteriorly or posteriorly.
Movement around knee is greater than normal as the body weight is not directly resisting movement.

44
Q

Outline the drawer test

A

Patient lies supine with flexed knees, and pulling and pushing on the leg helps to see if there is displacement of the femur anteriorly or posteriorly.
Movement around knee is greater than normal as the body weight is not directly resisting movement.

45
Q

Name the tendons that “wraps” around the posterior side of knee joint

A

Oblique popliteal ligament

46
Q

Which 3 muscles have tendons that attach to pes anserinus?

A

Semitendinosus
Gracilis
Sartorius

47
Q

What is the attachment site of pet anserinus?

A

Anteromedial aspect of the tibia

48
Q

What is the origin of the medial part of gastrocnemius?

A

Medial condyle of femur

49
Q

What is the origin of the lateral part of gastrocnemius?

A

Lateral condyle of femur

50
Q

Where does the tendon of gastrocnemius insert?

51
Q

Name the muscles involved in extension of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris (inserts on tibial tuberosity)

52
Q

Name the muscles involved in flexion of the knee

A

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

53
Q

Name the muscle involved with lateral rotation of the knee

A

Biceps femoris

54
Q

Name the muscles involved in medial rotation of the knee

A

Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

55
Q

Can lateral and medial rotation at knee joint occur if knee is not flexed?

A

NO! If the knee is not flexed rotation occurs at the hip joint

56
Q

What is the origin of popliteus?

A

Lateral femoral condyle

57
Q

What is the insertion of popliteus?

A

Posterior surface of tibia

58
Q

What innervates popliteus?

A

Tibial nerve (L4-S1)

59
Q

What is the action of the popliteus?

A

Stabilises knee joint by resisting lateral rotation of tibia.
Unlocks the knee joint by laterally rotating femur on a fixed tibia.

60
Q

List the 3 steps in ‘locking the knee’

A

1) Cruciate ligaments tighten
2) Causes medial and lateral collateral ligaments and popliteal ligaments to tighten
3) Tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus tighten the iliotibial tract

61
Q

List the 2 steps in ‘unlocking the knee’

A

1) Popliteus laterally rotates femur on the fixed tibia
2) The previously locked ligaments can then loosen and hamstrings then flex the knee

62
Q

Why is ‘locking the knee’ desirable?

A

It shifts the centre of gravity in front of the knee so muscle energy does not have to be used to maintain posture

62
Q

Why is ‘locking the knee’ desirable?

A

It shifts the centre of gravity in front of the knee so muscle energy does not have to be used to maintain posture

63
Q

In what kind of injury is torn PCL most often seen?

A

Dashboard injury in car accidents, large force on shins pushes tibia posteriorly

64
Q

Name the 3 injuries part of the ‘unhappy triad’

A

Torn ACL
Torn MCL
Torn medial meniscus

65
Q

What does the lateral facet of the patella articulate with?

A

Lateral condyle of femur

66
Q

What does the medial facet of patella articulate with?

A

Medial condyle of femur

67
Q

Does apex of patella face interiorly or superiorly?

A

Apex of patella faces inferiorly

68
Q

Name the 2 most common injuries to the patella

A

Patella dislocation
Patellar fracture

69
Q

What is the importance of the popliteal fossa?

A

It is the main path in which structures move from the thigh to the leg

70
Q

What shape is the popliteal fossa?

A

Diamond shaped

71
Q

What is the superomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Semimembranosus and semitendinosus

72
Q

What is the superolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Biceps femoris

73
Q

What is the inferomedial border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Medial head of gastrocnemius

74
Q

What is the inferolateral border of the popliteal fossa?

A

Lateral head of gastrocnemius and plantaris

75
Q

What is the floor of the popliteal fossa?

A

Posterior surface of the knee joint capsule and posterior surface of femur

76
Q

What is the roof of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal fascia (from fascia lata) and skin

77
Q

List the contents of the popliteal fossa

A

Popliteal artery
Popliteal vein
Sciatic nerve (tibial and common fibular divisions)
Genicular branches
Lymph
Fat
Medial and lateral sural cutaneous branches

78
Q

Name the 2 structures found on the roof of the popliteal fossa

A

Small saphenous vein
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

79
Q

The popliteal artery is ____ to both the popliteal vein and tibial nerve

80
Q

What is the anastomoses around the knee called?

A

Genicular anastomoses

81
Q

Name the 11 main arterial branches in the genicular anastomosis

A

Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Descending genicular artery
Superior medial genicular artery
Superior lateral genicular artery
Inferior medial genicular artery
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Circumflex fibular artery
Recurrent branch of anterior tibial
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery

82
Q

What arteries join to the descending genicular artery?

A

Superior medial genicular artery
Inferior medial genicular artery

83
Q

What arteries join the the superior medial genicular artery?

A

Superior lateral genicular artery
Descending genicular artery
Popliteal

84
Q

What arteries join to the superior lateral genicular artery?

A

Lateral circumflex femoral artery
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Superior medial genicular artery
Popliteal

85
Q

What arteries join to the inferior lateral genicular artery?

A

Circumflex fibular branch
Superior lateral genicular artery
Superior medial genicular artery
Popliteal

86
Q

What arteries joint to the recurrent branch of anterior tibial artery?

A

Inferior medial genicular artery
Circumflex fibular branch

87
Q

What arteries join to the inferior medial genicular artery

A

Descending genicular branch
Superior medial genicular artery
Inferior lateral genicular artery
Recurrent branch of anterior tibial

88
Q

What arteries join to the anterior tibial artery?

A

Recurrent branch of anterior tibial
Popliteal

89
Q

What dies the popliteal artery become after the anterior tibial artery branches off?

A

Posterior tibial artery

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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