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Anatomy Y2 > Anatomy of Thyroid > Flashcards

Anatomy of Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

Between which vertebrae is the thyroid found?

A

C5-T1

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2
Q

How many lobes does the thyroid have?

A

2, they are connected by an isthmus

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3
Q

Which 2 strap muscles are found anterior to the thyroid gland?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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4
Q

The thyroid is ________ to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

A

Inferior

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5
Q

What is the name of the fascia that encircles the thyroid, oesophagus and pharynx?

A

Pretracheal fascia

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6
Q

Which pharyngeal pouch does the inferior parathyroid gland rise from?

A

3rd

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7
Q

Which pharyngeal pouch does the superior parathyroid gland rise from?

A

4th

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7
Q

Which pharyngeal pouch does the superior parathyroid gland rise from?

A

4th

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8
Q

Where is the oesophagus in relation to the thyroid?

A

Posterior and medial to the thyroid

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9
Q

What is found lateral to the thyroid?

A

Carotid sheath

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10
Q

Name the structure in which the thyroid passes as it descends during development

A

Thyroglossal duct

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11
Q

What clinical significance does the thyroglossal duct have?

A

Cysts can occur here, which have to be surgically removed

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12
Q

Why is the thyroid highly vascularised?

A

Its function is to secrete hormones into the blood, therefore needs a good blood supply

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13
Q

Where are the two areas of blood supply targeting the thyroid gland?

A

1- Superior thyroid arteries branch from the external carotids
2- Inferior thyroid arteries rise from the thyrocervical trunk

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14
Q

Which branch is the superior thyroid from the external carotid artery?

A

It is the first branch

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15
Q

Which portions of the thyroid gland are supplied by the superior thyroid artery?

A

The superior and anterior portions

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16
Q

Which portions of the thyroid are supplied by the inferior thyroid artery?

A

Postero-inferior portions

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17
Q

Which neck muscles are supplied by there thyrocervical trunk?

A

Scalene muscles
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

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18
Q

Which direction does the superior thyroid artery have to travel to reach the thyroid?

A

Inferiorly, descends towards thyroid

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19
Q

Which direction does the inferior thyroid artery travel to reach the thyroid?

A

Super-medially

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20
Q

What percentage of the population will also have the thyroid ima artery?

A

10%

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21
Q

Where does the thyroid ima artery rise from?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

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22
Q

What does the thyroid ima artery supply?

A

The anterior surface of thyroid and isthmus

23
Q

Which 3 veins form a plexus to drain the thyroid?

A

Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein

24
Q

Which 2 thyroid veins from the plexus that drains the thyroid drain into the internal jugular vein?

A

Superior + middle

25
Q

Which thyroid vein from the plexus that drains the thyroid drains into the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Inferior

26
Q

Name the nerves that give innervation to the thyroid

A

Sympathetic trunk
Recurrent laryngeal nerves -> from vagus CNX

27
Q

Name the vagal nerves that innervate the larynx

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

28
Q

Which laryngeal nerve hooks around subclavian artery?

A

Right recurrent laryngeal artery

29
Q

Which laryngeal nerve hooks around the arch of the aorta?

A

Left recurrent laryngeal artery

30
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve hook around the main arteries. Why is this important to consider during surgery on the thyroid?

A

Have to be careful to not ligate or damage the nerve when near the blood vessels.

31
Q

Which are the 4 main lymphatic nodes that drain lymph from the thyroid?

A

Para-tracheal cervical lymph nodes
Para-tracheal lymph nodes
Pre-laryngeal lymph nodes
Tracheal nodes

32
Q

Which lymph nodes can lymph pass directly into in the drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Deep cervical nodes

33
Q

What are parathyroid glands?

A

Small endocrine glands that are located in the anterior neck

34
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Produces parathyroid hormone (control of calcium and phosphate in the body)

35
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

On the posterior aspect of the lateral lobes of the thyroid

36
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

4

37
Q

What is the superior parathyroid gland embryonic origin?

A

4th pharyngeal pouch

38
Q

What is the inferior parathyroid gland embryonic origin?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

39
Q

What arteries supply the posterior aspect of the parathyroid gland?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries

40
Q

Which arteries contribute to the collateral circulation of the parathyroid glands?

A

Superior thyroid arteries
Thyroid ima artery
Laryngeal artery
Tracheal artery
Oesophageal artery

41
Q

Name the 2 lymphatic nodes that the lymph from the parathyroid glands can drain into?

A

Deep cervical nodes
Para-tracheal lymph nodes

42
Q

What is the main nervous supply to the parathyroid glands?

A

Thyroid branches of the cervical sympathetic ganglia

43
Q

Is endocrine secretion form parathyroids conducted through nerves or hormonally?

A

Hormonally, the nervous supply is vasomotor, not secretomotor

44
Q

What could happen if the parathyroid glands have to be removed from the neck during surgery?

A

It would cause serum levels of calcium to drop significantly, resulting in severe muscle twitches and cramps - could result in death

45
Q

Remnants of which duct can fill with fluid to form thyroid cysts?

A

Thyroglossal ducts

46
Q

What is a lingual thyroid?

A

Ectopic thyroid tissue that can be located along the route of the thyroglossal duct

47
Q

What is a goitre?

A

AN enlarged thyroid gland, produces a swelling that does not rise above the thyroid cartilage

48
Q

What is the main cause of goitres?

A

Iodine deficiency

49
Q

Name other causes of goitres

A

Congenital hypothyroidism
Autoimmune diseases
Cancers of thyroid
Disorders of hormonal organ system

50
Q

Why does the goitre not rise above the thyroid cartilage?

A

The pre tracheal fascia hold it into place

50
Q

Why does the goitre not rise above the thyroid cartilage?

A

The pre tracheal fascia hold it into place

51
Q

Define lymphadenopathy

A

Enlargement of lymph nodes

52
Q

Give examples of lymphadenopathies

A

Chronic tonsillitis
Tuberculosis
Carcinoma

53
Q

What are branchial cysts and fistulae?

A

Located in the lateral neck, fluctuant, pain free one sided swellings

54
Q

Why do branchial cysts occur?

A

When branchial clefts do not obliterate OR when branchial arches do not fuse properly in embryonic development

55
Q

Where do branchial cysts usually occur?

A

On the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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