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Anatomy Y2 > Larynx and Supralaryngeal vocal > Flashcards

Larynx and Supralaryngeal vocal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

To protect the airways

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2
Q

Do the vocal and vestibular folds abduct or adduct in swallowing?

A

They adduct in swallowing

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3
Q

Where does the epiglottis move in swallowing?

A

It moves downwards

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4
Q

Where does the larynx move in swallowing?

A

The larynx rises

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5
Q

Name some activities that require temporary closure of the respiratory tract to increase pressure in chest and abdomen?

A

Coughing
Heavy weights
Defecation
Micturition
Child birth

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6
Q

From which bone is the larynx suspended from?

A

Hyoid bone

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7
Q

From which vertebrae does the larynx range from?

A

C3 to C6

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8
Q

Which muscles cover the front of the larynx?

A

Infrahyoid

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9
Q

What gland covers the lateral sides of the larynx?

A

Thyroid

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10
Q

In which direction do the vocals folds run?

A

They run antero-posteriorly in the larynx

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11
Q

What is the superior cavity of the laryngeal cavity called?

A

Vestibule

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12
Q

What is the inferior cavity of the laryngeal cavity called?

A

Atrium

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13
Q

Name the space found between vocal folds?

A

Roma glottidis

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14
Q

What is the larynx made from?

A

Cartilaginous skeleton, held together by ligaments

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15
Q

Which region does the supra glottis span from?

A

Interior surface of epiglottis to the vestibular folds

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16
Q

Which region does the glottis scan from?

A

1cm above and below the vocal cords

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17
Q

What region does the sub glottis span from?

A

From inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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18
Q

What type of cells make up the vocal cords?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

What type of cells make up the mucous membrane of the interior surface of larynx?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium,

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20
Q

What are the main 2 arteries that supply the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries

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21
Q

From which arteries do the laryngeal arteries rise from?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery

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22
Q

What divides the superior and inferior arteries for larynx?

A

The vocal folds

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23
Q

Which 2 veins give venous drainage to the larynx?

A

Superior and inferior laryngeal veins

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24
Q

Which vein from larynx drains into the internal jugular vein?

A

Superior laryngeal vein, through superior thyroid vein

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25
Q

Which vein from larynx drains into left brachiocephalic vein?

A

Inferior laryngeal vein, through inferior thyroid vein

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26
Q

What is the motor function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Innervates all internal muscles of larynx except from cricothyroid

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27
Q

What is the sensory function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Infraglottis region

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27
Q

What is the sensory function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

Infraglottis region

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28
Q

What is the motor function of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Only cricothyroid

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29
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

Supraglottis region

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30
Q

Which nerve innervates everything above the vocal cords?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

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31
Q

Which nerve innervates everything below the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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31
Q

Which nerve innervates everything below the vocal cords?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

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32
Q

What occurs in unilateral palsy?

A

1 vocal cord is paralysed, patient may have a hoarse voice

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33
Q

What occurs in bilateral palsy?

A

Both vocal cords paralysed, breathing is impaired and phonation cannot occur

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34
Q

How many cartilages are contained in the larynx?

A

9

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35
Q

How many unpaired cartilages of the larynx are there?

A

3

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36
Q

How many paired cartilages of the larynx are there?

A

6

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37
Q

Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

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38
Q

Which unpaired cartilage of larynx forms the Adams apple?

A

The thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence

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39
Q

What is found superiorly and inferiorly on the thyroid cartilage?

A

Superior horns
Inferior horns

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40
Q

What do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Hyoid bone

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41
Q

What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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42
Q

At what level of cervical vertebrae is the cricoid cartilage found?

A

C6

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43
Q

At what level of cervical vertebrae are the arytenoid cartilages found?

A

C6

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44
Q

Does the cricoid cartilage encircle the whole airway?

A

Yes!

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45
Q

What does the epiglottis move towards in swallowing?

A

Moves towards the arytenoid cartilages

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46
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

To close off the larynx to prevent aspiration

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47
Q

What do the arytenoid cartilages articulate with?

A

Superior border of cricoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage

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48
Q

What muscles attach to the arytenoid cartilage?

A

Cricoartytenoid

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49
Q

What is the purpose of cuneiform cartilages?

A

To strengthen folds

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50
Q

Name the paired cartilages of the larynx

A

Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages

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51
Q

Name the unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis

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52
Q

Where are extrinsic ligaments of the larynx found?

A

On the outer aspect of the larynx

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53
Q

Where are intrinsic ligaments or the larynx found?

A

Internally on the larynx

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54
Q

Name the 3 extrinsic ligaments of the larynx

A

Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricothyroid membrane
Cricotracheal membrane

55
Q

Name the 2 intrinsic ligaments of the larynx

A

Quadrangular membranes
Cricovocal membrane

56
Q

What ligaments are formed by the quadrangular membrane?

A

Vestibular ligaments

57
Q

What ligament is formed by the cricovocal membrane?

A

Vocal ligament

58
Q

What is a cricothyroidectomy?

A

Emergency procedure to form a temporary airway, where there is an obstruction above the larynx so intubation is unsuccessful

59
Q

What type of cells form the vocal folds?

A

Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

60
Q

What is Reinke’s space?

A

Watery, layer in vocal cords rich in GAGs

61
Q

What is the function of Reinke’s space?

A

Fluid, so epithelium can vibrate freely above it to create sound

62
Q

What is the function of the vestibular folds?

A

Protects the larynx, is covered in a mucous membrane

63
Q

What is the function of the external laryngeal muscles?

A

To elevate and depress the larynx in swallowing

64
Q

What is the function of internal laryngeal muscles?

A

Moves individual components of larynx, for breathing and phonation

65
Q

What type of extrinsic laryngeal muscles raise the hyoid?

A

Suprahyoid muscles

66
Q

What type of extrinsic laryngeal muscle depresses the hyoid?

A

Infrahyoid

67
Q

Name the 5 supra hyoid muscles

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Styloglossus

68
Q

Name the infra hyoid muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid

69
Q

Are the supra hyoid muscles found above or below the hyoid?

A

Above the hyoid

70
Q

What arteries supply the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Facial artery
Occipital artery
Lingual artery

71
Q

What is the origin of the stylohyoid?

A

Styloid process

72
Q

What is the insertion of stylohyoid?

A

Lateral aspect of hyoid

73
Q

What is the action of the stylohyoid?

A

Initiates swallowing by pulling hyoid posteriorly and superiorly

74
Q

What innervates the stylohyoid?

A

Stylohyoid branch of CNVII

75
Q

What is the origin of digastric?

A

Anterior belly -> mandible
Posterior belly -> mastoid process

76
Q

What is the insertion of the digastric?

A

2 bellies connect with an intermediate tendon, attaches to hyoid bone

77
Q

What is the action of the digastric?

A

Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone

78
Q

What innervates the digastric?

A

Anterior belly -> Inferior alveolar nerve from trigeminal
Posterior belly -> Digastric branch of CNVII

79
Q

What is the origin of myohyoid?

A

Mylohyoid line of mandible

80
Q

What is the insertion of myohyoid?

A

Hyoid bone

81
Q

What is the action of myohyoid?

A

Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth

82
Q

What innervates myohyoid?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular of trigeminal)

83
Q

What is the origin of geniohyoid?

A

Inferior mental spine of mandible

84
Q

What is the insertion of geniohyoid?

A

Moves posteriorly to attach to hyoid

85
Q

What is the action of geniohyoid?

A

Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone

86
Q

What innervates the geniohyoid?

A

C1 nerve root within CNXII (accessory nerve)

87
Q

How many supra hyoid muscles are there?

88
Q

How many infra hyoid muscles are there?

89
Q

What is the origin of omohyoid?

A

2 bellies attached by intermediate tendon, rises from the scapula

90
Q

What is the insertion of omohyoid?

A

Superior belly attaches to the hyoid

91
Q

What is the action of omohyoid?

A

Depresses the hyoid bone

92
Q

What is the innervation of omohyoid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)

93
Q

What is the origin of sternohyoid?

A

Sternum and sternoclavicular joint

94
Q

What is the insertion of sternohyoid?

A

Inserts onto hyoid

95
Q

What is the action of sternohyoid?

A

Depresses the hyoid

96
Q

What innervates sternohyoid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)

97
Q

What is the origin of sternothyroid?

98
Q

What is the insertion of sternohyoid?

A

Hyoid bone

99
Q

What is the action of sternothyroid?

A

Depresses thyroid cartilage

100
Q

What innervates sternothyroid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)

101
Q

What is the origin of thyrohyoid?

A

Thyroid cartilage

102
Q

What is the insert of thyrohyoid?

A

Hyoid bone

103
Q

What is the action of the thyrohyoid?

A

Depresses hyoid - if the hyoid is fixed, elevates larynx

104
Q

What innervates the thyrohyoid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 (it is carried with CNXII)

105
Q

What innervates the thyrohyoid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 (it is carried with CNXII)

106
Q

What are the 3 functions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

1- Controls the inlet to the larynx through sphincter action
2- Controls size of the rima glottidis for swallowing and phonation
3- Controls tension and length in vocal folds for pitch of sound

107
Q

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve?

A

Cricothyroid

108
Q

What is the origin of cricothyroid?

A

Anterolateral aspect of cricoid cartilage

109
Q

What is the insertion of cricoid cartilage?

A

Inferior margin and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage

110
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroid?

A

Stretches and tenses vocal ligaments (mainly forceful speech)

111
Q

What innervates cricothyroid?

A

External laryngeal nerve

112
Q

What is the origin of thyroarytenoid?

A

Inferoposterior aspect of thyroid cartilage

113
Q

What is the insertion of thyroarytenoid?

A

Anterolateral part of arytenoid cartilage

114
Q

What is the action of thyroarytenoid?

A

Relaxes vocal ligament

115
Q

What innervates the thyroarytenoid?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

116
Q

What is the origin of posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

Posterior surface of cricoid cartilage

117
Q

What is the insertion of posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

118
Q

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

Abducts the vocal folds

119
Q

What innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

120
Q

What is the origin of lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Arch of the cricoid cartilage

121
Q

What is the insertion of lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

122
Q

What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Adducts vocal folds

123
Q

What innervates the lateral cricoarytenoid?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

124
Q

What is the origin of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?

A

The arytenoid cartilage

125
Q

What is the insertion of the transverse of the oblique arytenoids?

A

To the opposite arytenoid

126
Q

What is the action of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?

A

Adducts arytenoid cartilage

127
Q

What innervates the transverse and oblique arytenoids?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

128
Q

From which nerve does the inferior laryngeal nerve rise from?

A

Branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

129
Q

From which nerve does the external laryngeal nerve rise from?

A

Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

130
Q

Name the 2 muscles responsible for closing the larynx?

A

Aryepiglottic muscle
Oblique arytenoid muscles

131
Q

Name the muscle responsible for opening the larynx

A

Thyroepiglottic muscles

132
Q

Name the muscle responsible for the relaxation of the vocal fold and opening rima glottidis?

A

Thyroarytenoid muscles

133
Q

Name the muscle responsible for tensing the vocal folds to increase vibrations?

A

Cricothyroid muscles

134
Q

Name the muscle that can adjust the tension in the vocal folds

A

Vocalis muscle

135
Q

How does flexion of vocal folds affect the sound produced?

A

Increases the pitch of the sound

135
Q

How does flexion of vocal folds affect the sound produced?

A

Increases the pitch of the sound

136
Q

How can strokes occur from left vocal cord paralysis?

A

Particles of food can enter the airways and become lodged

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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