Larynx and Supralaryngeal vocal Flashcards
1
Q
What is the function of the larynx?
A
To protect the airways
2
Q
Do the vocal and vestibular folds abduct or adduct in swallowing?
A
They adduct in swallowing
3
Q
Where does the epiglottis move in swallowing?
A
It moves downwards
4
Q
Where does the larynx move in swallowing?
A
The larynx rises
5
Q
Name some activities that require temporary closure of the respiratory tract to increase pressure in chest and abdomen?
A
Coughing
Heavy weights
Defecation
Micturition
Child birth
6
Q
From which bone is the larynx suspended from?
A
Hyoid bone
7
Q
From which vertebrae does the larynx range from?
A
C3 to C6
8
Q
Which muscles cover the front of the larynx?
A
Infrahyoid
9
Q
What gland covers the lateral sides of the larynx?
A
Thyroid
10
Q
In which direction do the vocals folds run?
A
They run antero-posteriorly in the larynx
11
Q
What is the superior cavity of the laryngeal cavity called?
A
Vestibule
12
Q
What is the inferior cavity of the laryngeal cavity called?
A
Atrium
13
Q
Name the space found between vocal folds?
A
Roma glottidis
14
Q
What is the larynx made from?
A
Cartilaginous skeleton, held together by ligaments
15
Q
Which region does the supra glottis span from?
A
Interior surface of epiglottis to the vestibular folds
16
Q
Which region does the glottis scan from?
A
1cm above and below the vocal cords
17
Q
What region does the sub glottis span from?
A
From inferior border of glottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
18
Q
What type of cells make up the vocal cords?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
19
Q
What type of cells make up the mucous membrane of the interior surface of larynx?
A
Ciliated columnar epithelium,
20
Q
What are the main 2 arteries that supply the larynx?
A
Superior and inferior laryngeal arteries
21
Q
From which arteries do the laryngeal arteries rise from?
A
Superior and inferior thyroid artery
22
Q
What divides the superior and inferior arteries for larynx?
A
The vocal folds
23
Q
Which 2 veins give venous drainage to the larynx?
A
Superior and inferior laryngeal veins
24
Q
Which vein from larynx drains into the internal jugular vein?
A
Superior laryngeal vein, through superior thyroid vein
25
Which vein from larynx drains into left brachiocephalic vein?
Inferior laryngeal vein, through inferior thyroid vein
26
What is the motor function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Innervates all internal muscles of larynx except from cricothyroid
27
What is the sensory function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Infraglottis region
27
What is the sensory function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Infraglottis region
28
What is the motor function of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Only cricothyroid
29
What is the sensory innervation of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Supraglottis region
30
Which nerve innervates everything above the vocal cords?
Superior laryngeal nerve
31
Which nerve innervates everything below the vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
31
Which nerve innervates everything below the vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
32
What occurs in unilateral palsy?
1 vocal cord is paralysed, patient may have a hoarse voice
33
What occurs in bilateral palsy?
Both vocal cords paralysed, breathing is impaired and phonation cannot occur
34
How many cartilages are contained in the larynx?
9
35
How many unpaired cartilages of the larynx are there?
3
36
How many paired cartilages of the larynx are there?
6
37
Name the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
38
Which unpaired cartilage of larynx forms the Adams apple?
The thyroid cartilage, laryngeal prominence
39
What is found superiorly and inferiorly on the thyroid cartilage?
Superior horns
Inferior horns
40
What do the superior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
Hyoid bone
41
What do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?
Cricoid cartilage
42
At what level of cervical vertebrae is the cricoid cartilage found?
C6
43
At what level of cervical vertebrae are the arytenoid cartilages found?
C6
44
Does the cricoid cartilage encircle the whole airway?
Yes!
45
What does the epiglottis move towards in swallowing?
Moves towards the arytenoid cartilages
46
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To close off the larynx to prevent aspiration
47
What do the arytenoid cartilages articulate with?
Superior border of cricoid cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
48
What muscles attach to the arytenoid cartilage?
Cricoartytenoid
49
What is the purpose of cuneiform cartilages?
To strengthen folds
50
Name the paired cartilages of the larynx
Arytenoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
51
Name the unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
52
Where are extrinsic ligaments of the larynx found?
On the outer aspect of the larynx
53
Where are intrinsic ligaments or the larynx found?
Internally on the larynx
54
Name the 3 extrinsic ligaments of the larynx
Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricothyroid membrane
Cricotracheal membrane
55
Name the 2 intrinsic ligaments of the larynx
Quadrangular membranes
Cricovocal membrane
56
What ligaments are formed by the quadrangular membrane?
Vestibular ligaments
57
What ligament is formed by the cricovocal membrane?
Vocal ligament
58
What is a cricothyroidectomy?
Emergency procedure to form a temporary airway, where there is an obstruction above the larynx so intubation is unsuccessful
59
What type of cells form the vocal folds?
Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
60
What is Reinke's space?
Watery, layer in vocal cords rich in GAGs
61
What is the function of Reinke's space?
Fluid, so epithelium can vibrate freely above it to create sound
62
What is the function of the vestibular folds?
Protects the larynx, is covered in a mucous membrane
63
What is the function of the external laryngeal muscles?
To elevate and depress the larynx in swallowing
64
What is the function of internal laryngeal muscles?
Moves individual components of larynx, for breathing and phonation
65
What type of extrinsic laryngeal muscles raise the hyoid?
Suprahyoid muscles
66
What type of extrinsic laryngeal muscle depresses the hyoid?
Infrahyoid
67
Name the 5 supra hyoid muscles
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Styloglossus
68
Name the infra hyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
69
Are the supra hyoid muscles found above or below the hyoid?
Above the hyoid
70
What arteries supply the suprahyoid muscles?
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Lingual artery
71
What is the origin of the stylohyoid?
Styloid process
72
What is the insertion of stylohyoid?
Lateral aspect of hyoid
73
What is the action of the stylohyoid?
Initiates swallowing by pulling hyoid posteriorly and superiorly
74
What innervates the stylohyoid?
Stylohyoid branch of CNVII
75
What is the origin of digastric?
Anterior belly -> mandible
Posterior belly -> mastoid process
76
What is the insertion of the digastric?
2 bellies connect with an intermediate tendon, attaches to hyoid bone
77
What is the action of the digastric?
Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone
78
What innervates the digastric?
Anterior belly -> Inferior alveolar nerve from trigeminal
Posterior belly -> Digastric branch of CNVII
79
What is the origin of myohyoid?
Mylohyoid line of mandible
80
What is the insertion of myohyoid?
Hyoid bone
81
What is the action of myohyoid?
Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth
82
What innervates myohyoid?
Inferior alveolar nerve (from mandibular of trigeminal)
83
What is the origin of geniohyoid?
Inferior mental spine of mandible
84
What is the insertion of geniohyoid?
Moves posteriorly to attach to hyoid
85
What is the action of geniohyoid?
Depresses mandible and elevates hyoid bone
86
What innervates the geniohyoid?
C1 nerve root within CNXII (accessory nerve)
87
How many supra hyoid muscles are there?
4
88
How many infra hyoid muscles are there?
4
89
What is the origin of omohyoid?
2 bellies attached by intermediate tendon, rises from the scapula
90
What is the insertion of omohyoid?
Superior belly attaches to the hyoid
91
What is the action of omohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid bone
92
What is the innervation of omohyoid?
Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)
93
What is the origin of sternohyoid?
Sternum and sternoclavicular joint
94
What is the insertion of sternohyoid?
Inserts onto hyoid
95
What is the action of sternohyoid?
Depresses the hyoid
96
What innervates sternohyoid?
Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)
97
What is the origin of sternothyroid?
Manubrium
98
What is the insertion of sternohyoid?
Hyoid bone
99
What is the action of sternothyroid?
Depresses thyroid cartilage
100
What innervates sternothyroid?
Anterior rami of C1 to C3 (ansa cervicalis)
101
What is the origin of thyrohyoid?
Thyroid cartilage
102
What is the insert of thyrohyoid?
Hyoid bone
103
What is the action of the thyrohyoid?
Depresses hyoid - if the hyoid is fixed, elevates larynx
104
What innervates the thyrohyoid?
Anterior rami of C1 (it is carried with CNXII)
105
What innervates the thyrohyoid?
Anterior rami of C1 (it is carried with CNXII)
106
What are the 3 functions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
1- Controls the inlet to the larynx through sphincter action
2- Controls size of the rima glottidis for swallowing and phonation
3- Controls tension and length in vocal folds for pitch of sound
107
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroid
108
What is the origin of cricothyroid?
Anterolateral aspect of cricoid cartilage
109
What is the insertion of cricoid cartilage?
Inferior margin and inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
110
What is the action of the cricothyroid?
Stretches and tenses vocal ligaments (mainly forceful speech)
111
What innervates cricothyroid?
External laryngeal nerve
112
What is the origin of thyroarytenoid?
Inferoposterior aspect of thyroid cartilage
113
What is the insertion of thyroarytenoid?
Anterolateral part of arytenoid cartilage
114
What is the action of thyroarytenoid?
Relaxes vocal ligament
115
What innervates the thyroarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve
116
What is the origin of posterior cricoarytenoid?
Posterior surface of cricoid cartilage
117
What is the insertion of posterior cricoarytenoid?
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
118
What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid?
Abducts the vocal folds
119
What innervates the posterior cricoarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve
120
What is the origin of lateral cricoarytenoid?
Arch of the cricoid cartilage
121
What is the insertion of lateral cricoarytenoid?
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
122
What is the action of the lateral cricoarytenoid?
Adducts vocal folds
123
What innervates the lateral cricoarytenoid?
Inferior laryngeal nerve
124
What is the origin of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?
The arytenoid cartilage
125
What is the insertion of the transverse of the oblique arytenoids?
To the opposite arytenoid
126
What is the action of the transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Adducts arytenoid cartilage
127
What innervates the transverse and oblique arytenoids?
Inferior laryngeal nerve
128
From which nerve does the inferior laryngeal nerve rise from?
Branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
129
From which nerve does the external laryngeal nerve rise from?
Branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
130
Name the 2 muscles responsible for closing the larynx?
Aryepiglottic muscle
Oblique arytenoid muscles
131
Name the muscle responsible for opening the larynx
Thyroepiglottic muscles
132
Name the muscle responsible for the relaxation of the vocal fold and opening rima glottidis?
Thyroarytenoid muscles
133
Name the muscle responsible for tensing the vocal folds to increase vibrations?
Cricothyroid muscles
134
Name the muscle that can adjust the tension in the vocal folds
Vocalis muscle
135
How does flexion of vocal folds affect the sound produced?
Increases the pitch of the sound
135
How does flexion of vocal folds affect the sound produced?
Increases the pitch of the sound
136
How can strokes occur from left vocal cord paralysis?
Particles of food can enter the airways and become lodged
