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Anatomy Y2 > Anatomy of Pharynx > Flashcards

Anatomy of Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube connecting nasal cavity, larynx, oesophagus

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2
Q

At what level of cervical vertebrae does the pharynx end?

A

C6

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3
Q

Name the 3 compartments of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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4
Q

List the 3 functions of the pharynx

A

1- To pass food across the airway safely in swallowing
2- Directs air flow via oral cavity for maximum air flow
3- Closes the upper airway from the oral cavity in chewing and swallowing

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5
Q

What are the 3 openings of the larynx?

A

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Opening of larynx

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6
Q

Where does the pharynx attach at the top?

A

Basioccipital bone

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7
Q

What does the pharynx have anterior attachments to?

A

Occipital bone
Sphenoid
Mandibular body
Hyoid, thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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8
Q

What is a raphe?

A

Ridge/seam in an organ or tissue with marks where two lines fuse in the embryo

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9
Q

What are the 3 functions of the muscles of the pharynx?

A

1- Assists movements of the soft palate
2- Constricts the pharynx to move boli of food along
3- Lifts pharynx as a whole

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of muscles of the pharynx?

A

Circular
Longitudinal

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11
Q

How many circular muscles are there?

A

3

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12
Q

Name the 3 circular pharynx muscles

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

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13
Q

Name the 3 longitudinal pharynx muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus

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14
Q

Where in the pharynx is superior pharyngeal constrictor found?

A

Oropharynx

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15
Q

Where in the pharynx is the middle pharyngeal constrictor found?

A

Laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Where in the pharynx is the inferior pharyngeal constrictor found?

A

Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are all the circular pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

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17
Q

What are all the circular pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

Vagus nerve

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18
Q

How many longitudinal pharyngeal muscles are there?

A

3

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19
Q

What is the main function of the circular pharyngeal muscles?

A

To constrict lumen to propel food into the oesophagus

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20
Q

What is the main function of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

To widen and shorten the pharynx, elevates larynx in swallowing

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21
Q

What nerve innervates the stylopharyngeus?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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22
Q

What nerve innervates palatopharyngeus?

A

Vagus nerve

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23
Q

What nerve innervates salpingopharyngeus?

A

Vagus nerve

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24
Q

Name 5 muscles that are classed as muscles of the soft palate?

A

Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossus
Palatopharyngeus
Superior pharyngeal constrictor

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25
Q

What nerve innervates tensor veli palatini?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal

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26
Q

What nerve innervates levator veli palatini?

A

Vagus nerve

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27
Q

What nerve innervates palatoglossus?

A

Vagus nerve

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28
Q

What is the function of tensor veli palatini?

A

Tenses the soft palate so it is tight

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29
Q

What is the function of levator veli palatini?

A

Elevates the soft palate

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30
Q

What is the function of palatoglossus?

A

Lowers the soft palate

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31
Q

What is the function of the superior constrictor of pharynx?

A

Lifts and closes the sphincter of soft palate

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32
Q

What is the function of palatopharyngeus?

A

Lowers posterior side of palatopharyngeus

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33
Q

Why would you want to close the sphincter of the soft palate?

A

To close off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

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34
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils found?

A

In the folds of the pharyngeal arch

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35
Q

What nerves make up the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Sympathetic fibres from superior cervical ganglion

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36
Q

What nerves make up the motor supply to the pharynx?

A

Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Glossopharyngeal

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37
Q

What nerve gives sensory innervation to the nasopharynx?

A

Maxillary nerve of trigeminal

38
Q

What nerve gives sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (gag reflex)

39
Q

What nerve gives sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?

A

Sensory laryngeal nerve of the vagus nerve

40
Q

What is the main artery supplies the pharynx?

A

External carotid artery

41
Q

List the 4 branches of the external carotid artery that supplies the pharynx?

A

Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Maxillary

42
Q

How does venous blood drain from the pharynx?

A

Drains through the pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into internal jugular vein

42
Q

How does venous blood drain from the pharynx?

A

Drains through the pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into internal jugular vein

43
Q

What are the 4 tonsils of the pharynx?

A

Adenoids
Tubar tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

44
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collection of lymphoid tissues, covered by mucous membrane. Found at the junction between the oral cavity->pharynx and nasal cavity->pharynx

45
Q

What cartilage is found on the anterior of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage

45
Q

What cartilage is found on the anterior of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage

46
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory function, conditions inspired air and propogates it to the larynx

47
Q

What are the types of cells found on the nasopharynx?

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

47
Q

What are the types of cells found on the nasopharynx?

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

48
Q

What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?

A

Adenoid tonsils

49
Q

In which section of the pharynx is the the auditory tube opening?

A

Nasopharynx

50
Q

What does the auditory tube connect?

A

The anterior wall of the tympanic cavity too the nasopharynx

51
Q

What is the composition of the auditory tube?

A

Anterior 2 thirds is cartilaginous
Posterior third is bony

52
Q

Which tonsils are in close proximity to the opening of the auditory tube to the nasopharynx?

A

Tubar tonsils

53
Q

Name the muscle of the soft palate that helps to close the auditory tube

A

Tensor tympani

54
Q

What nerves give innervation to tensor tympani?

A

Vagus nerve
Madibular division of trigeminal

55
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

Exchanges pressure between the ear and the mouth

56
Q

What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

A

Exchanges pressure between the ear and the mouth

57
Q

How does the opening and closing of the auditory tube allow the equalising of pressure?

A

Mouth movements can move the mucosa to open the tube, allowing air pressure to equalise in the ear

58
Q

Why does the auditory tube have to be flexible?

A

Because the tube also grows as you grow into an adult

58
Q

Why does the auditory tube have to be flexible?

A

Because the tube also grows as you grow into an adult

59
Q

Why are middle ear infections more common in children?

A

The auditory tube is a lot shorter in children than in adults

60
Q

What are the piriform fossae?

A

Depression of the mucous membrane on each side of the laryngeal inlet

61
Q

What is the function of the piriform fossae and the valleculae of the tounge?

A

They channel food and water around the laryngeal inlet to prevent choking

62
Q

Where are the valleculae of the tongue found in relation to the pharynx?

A

Anterior to the pharynx

63
Q

Why do adenoid tonsils enlarge?

A

Can enlarge due to viral infections of the upper respiratory tract

64
Q

How do enlarged adenoid tonsils obstruct pressure equalisation?

A

They can obstruct the opening of the Eustachian tube, thereby preventing pressure equalisation

64
Q

How do enlarged adenoid tonsils obstruct pressure equalisation?

A

They can obstruct the opening of the Eustachian tube, thereby preventing pressure equalisation

65
Q

Name the disease that can occur from the blockage of the Eustachian tube

A

Chronic otitis media (with effusion, fluids cannot drain - glue ear)

66
Q

What is found in the oropharynx?

A

The posterior third of the tongue

66
Q

What is found in the oropharynx?

A

The posterior third of the tongue

67
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located in the oropharynx?

A

Inferiorly to the tongue

68
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located in the oropharynx?

A

In tonsillar fossa between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches of oral cavity

69
Q

Which muscle of the pharynx is most associated with phases of swallowing?

A

Superior constrictor muscle of pharynx

70
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Red, enlarged palatine tonsils and jugulo-digastric lymph nodes

71
Q

How is chronic infection of palatine tonsils treated?

A

Tonsillectomy

72
Q

What are the main arteries that would bleed in a tonsillectomy?

A

External palatine vein
Tonsillar branch of facial artery

73
Q

What happens if tonsillitis spreads to the peritonsillar tissue?

A

Can cause an abscess to form, which can lead to deviation of the uvula (quinsy)

74
Q

How is enlargement of palatine tonsils treated?

A

Draining the abscess and antibiotics

75
Q

What 2 parts can the inferior pharyngeal constrictor be divided into?

A

Thyropharyngeus
Cricopharyngeus

76
Q

What is the action of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor in swallowing?

A

Thyropharyngeus contracts, cricopharynxgeus relaxes
Bolus of food can then be propelled into oesphagus to prevent the intrapharyngeal pressure form increasing

77
Q

What happens if the relaxation and contraction of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor cannot occur?

A

Pharyngeal mucosa forms a midline diverticulum between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus, where food can accumulate -> dysphagia

77
Q

What happens if the relaxation and contraction of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor cannot occur?

A

Pharyngeal mucosa forms a midline diverticulum between the thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus, where food can accumulate -> dysphagia

78
Q

What are the 4 main stages of swallowing?

A

1- Trap the bolus in the anterior part of oral cavity
2- Move bolus from mouth to entrance of pharynx
3- Allow bolus to enter oesophagus whilst closing the entrance to the larynx and nasal cavity
4- transport bolus through oesophagus to the stomach

79
Q

What happens to breathing during swallowing?

A

There is a brief interruption of breathing

80
Q

Outline the oral preparatory phase of swallowing

A

1- Lips are closed (uses muscles of facial expression)
2- Food is squeezed from oral vestibule between teeth (lips and buccinator)
3- Oral cavity sealed posteriorly by depressing soft palate against back of the tongue

81
Q

Outline the oral phase of swallowing

A

1- Tongue is raised against hard palate to push the bolus backward
2- Mandible is elevated and hyoid bone is raised (prevents food entering the larynx)
3- Soft palate elevated to close off nasopharynx and direct bolus to oropharynx

82
Q

What triggers the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Food bolus touching the back of the oropharynx

83
Q

Outline the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

1- Sequential contraction of pharyngeal constrictors
2- Bolus contacts epiglottis, folds it back over the laryngeal inlet
3- Respiration stops
4- Vestibular and vocal folds are adducted strongly (prevent food entering)

84
Q

Outline the oesophageal phase of swallowing

A

1- Cricopharyngeus contracts to initiate passage of bolus through oesphagus
2- Vagal nuclei conducts a wave of contraction of circular muscles down the oesphagus

85
Q

How is the larynx protected during swallowing?

A

It is lifted away, and closed by epiglottis
Valleculae of tongue guide food away from it

86
Q

In what situation would an elderly person have to relearn the swallowing reflex?

A

If they suffer a stroke and lose proprioception and coordination

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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