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Anatomy Y2 > The Intracranial Region > Flashcards

The Intracranial Region Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of cranium is formed by endochondral ossification?

A

Chondrocranium

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2
Q

What is another word for skull cap?

A

Calvarium

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2
Q

What is another word for skull cap?

A

Calvarium

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3
Q

Name the collagen type that makes up the fibrous joints of the skull

A

Type 1 collagen

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4
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Membranous filled gaps that allows deformation of the skull during development of the brain - so that skull and brain can both grow

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5
Q

When does the neurocranium and viscerocranium reach their adult morphology?

A

At around 21 years of age

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6
Q

Name the 6 bony parts of the skull

A

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bone in the calvarium in an adult?

A

Compact bone -> Spongy bone -> Compact bone

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8
Q

What is another name for the spongy bone found in the calvarium?

A

Diploe

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9
Q

Between which 2 bones does the coronal suture lie?

A

Frontal bone and parietal bone

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10
Q

Name the suture that occurs between the 2 frontal bones

A

Metopic suture

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11
Q

Name the suture that occurs between the 2 parietal bones

A

Sagittal suture

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12
Q

Between which 2 bones does the lambdoid suture lie?

A

Between the parietal and occipital bones

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13
Q

What is the asterion?

A

Point where the temporal, occipital and parietal bones meet

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14
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Point where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet

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14
Q

What is the pterion?

A

Point where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet

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15
Q

Name the 2 main fontanelle of the skull

A

Anterior fontanelle
Occipital fontanelle

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15
Q

Name the 2 main fontanelle of the skull

A

Anterior fontanelle
Occipital fontanelle

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16
Q

What is otorrhea?

A

CSF leaks into the ear (due to blunt trauma)

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17
Q

What is rhinorrhea?

A

CSF leaks into the nose (due to blunt trauma)

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18
Q

Which artery is at risk of being lacerated if the pterion is fractured?

A

Middle meningeal artery

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19
Q

What can occur in the skull if the middle meningeal artery is lacerated?

A

Extradural haemoatoma

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20
Q

How many layers of the scalp are there?

A

5

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21
Q

What is the innermost layer of the scalp called?

A

Periosteum

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22
Q

What is the outermost layer of the scalp called?

A

Skin

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23
Q

Name the 5 layers of the scalp

A

Skin
Dense connective tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum

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24
Q

Which layer of the scalp does not contain any blood vessels?

A

Epicranial aponeurosis

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25
Q

In which layer of the scalp would you find emissary veins?

A

Loose areolar connective tissue

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26
Q

What are diploic veins?

A

Veins that are found in the spongy bone of the skull cap

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27
Q

Name the structure of the arachnoid mater that regulates cerebrospinal drainage

A

Arachnoid villi

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27
Q

Name the structure of the arachnoid mater that regulates cerebrospinal drainage

A

Arachnoid villi

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28
Q

What veins have to pass across the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebral veins

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29
Q

How does CSF enter the venous sinuses of the cranium?

A

Diffusion

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30
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate downwards to separate the cerebral hemispheres

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30
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate downwards to separate the cerebral hemispheres

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31
Q

What are the inferior boundaries of the falx cerebri?

A

The inferior sagittal sinus and straight sinus

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32
Q

What is tentorium cerebelli?

A

Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate transversely to separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brain stem

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33
Q

Name 3 superficial arteries of the external carotid that supply the scalp

A

Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery

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34
Q

Does the posterior and middle meningeal artery rise from the internal or external carotid?

A

External carotid

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35
Q

Does the anterior meningeal artery rise from the internal or external carotid?

A

Internal carotid

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36
Q

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the intracranial region?

A

Foramen spinosum

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37
Q

Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the intracranial region?

A

Foramen spinosum

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38
Q

Name the 2 routes by which arterial blood can reach the brain

A

Through the vertebral arteries
Through the internal carotid

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39
Q

Which supplies more blood to the brain, the vertebral arteries or the internal carotid?

A

Internal carotid

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40
Q

What artery its formed by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar arteries

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41
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries travel in up to the intracranial region?

A

Transverse foramen

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42
Q

What structures of the brain are supplied by the basilar artery?

A

Pons and cerebellum

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43
Q

Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the pons

A

Pontine arteries

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44
Q

Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the cerebellum

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries

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44
Q

Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the cerebellum

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries

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45
Q

Name the arteries that join the internal carotid artery to the basilar artery

A

Posterior communicating artery

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46
Q

What other 3 branches come off the internal carotid artery?

A

Anterior choroidal artery
Opthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery

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47
Q

Name the artery that joins the anterior cerebral arteries together

A

Anterior communicating artery

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48
Q

Why is it important that the vertebral arteries are joined to the internal carotid arteries?

A

To equalise the pressure in the brain and give collateral supply to all parts of the brain

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49
Q

Does the course of the internal carotid artery cross through the cavernous sinus?

A

Yes it does - then enters then intracranial region just after

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50
Q

Name 2 arterial branches that arise form the ophthalmic artery

A

Supraorbital arteries
Supratrochlear arteries

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50
Q

Name 2 arterial branches that arise form the ophthalmic artery

A

Supraorbital arteries
Supratrochlear arteries

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51
Q

List 5 superficial veins of the scalp and face

A

Superficial temporal veins
Occipital veins
Posterior auricular veins
Supraorbital veins
Supratrochlear veins

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52
Q

What is the pterygoid plexus?

A

Large complex of veins located in the infratemporal fossa, between the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles

53
Q

Which vein does the pterygoid plexus drain into?

A

Maxillary vein

53
Q

Which vein does the pterygoid plexus drain into?

A

Maxillary vein

54
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that connect the diploic veins to the veins of the scalp

54
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

Veins that connect the diploic veins to the veins of the scalp

55
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus become when it reaches the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Straight sinus

55
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus become when it reaches the tentorium cerebelli?

A

Straight sinus

56
Q

Which left and right venous sinus does the superior, straight and occipital sinus drain into?

A

The transverse sinus

57
Q

What does the left transverse sinus drain into?

A

Left sigmoid sinus

58
Q

What does the right transverse sinus drain into?

A

Right sigmoid sinus

59
Q

What does the left sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

Left jugular vein

60
Q

What does the right sigmoid sinus drain into?

A

Right jugular vein

61
Q

Where is the cavernous sinus located?

A

Around the sphenoid bone

62
Q

From where does the pterygoid plexus drain blood from?

A

Palate
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Auditory tube
Nasopharynx

63
Q

From where does the cavernous sinus drain blood from?

A

Ophthalmic veins
Anterior part of the brain
Middle cerebral veins
Sphenoparietal sinuses

64
Q

Name 5 structures that pass through the walls of the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid artery
Oculomotor nerve CNIII
Trochlear nerve CNIV
Trigeminal nerve CNVi + Vii
Abducens nerve CNVI

65
Q

From where do the petrosal sinuses drain blood from?

A

Cavernous sinus
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Inner ear

66
Q

What does the petrosal sinuses drain into?

A

Transverse sinuses

67
Q

List 2 reasons why scalp lacerations lead to profuse bleeding

A

1 - Scalp blood vessels are closely adhered to connective tissue, so vasoconstriction cannot occur as easily
2 - Blood vessels in the scalp have many anastomoses

68
Q

What shape do extradural haemorrhages appear on CT?

A

Lens shaped

69
Q

Does the dura mater remain attached to the scalp during an extradural haemorrhage?

A

No, it detaches from the scalp

70
Q

Are extradural haemorrhages usually caused by arteries or veins?

A

They are usually caused by arteries

71
Q

What shape do subdural haemorrhages appear on CT?

A

Crescent shaped

72
Q

Does the dura mater remained attached to the scalp during a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Yes

73
Q

Are subdural haemorrhages usually caused by arteries or veins?

A

They are usually caused by veins

74
Q

Which is more extensive, extradural or subdural haemorrhages?

A

Subdural haemorrhages are more extensive

75
Q

What is the main symptom of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Sudden severe onset headache

76
Q

What is the main symptom of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Sudden severe onset headache

77
Q

What is the main cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured cerebral blood vessels

78
Q

Between which layers does the extradural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between the dura mater and bone of the scalp

79
Q

Between which layers does the subdural haemorrhage occur?

A

Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

80
Q

Which is cranial nerve 1?

A

Olfactory nerve

81
Q

Which cranial nerve enters the intracranial region through the cribriform plates?

A

Olfactory nerve

82
Q

Through which canal does the optic nerve travel?

A

Optic canal

83
Q

Name the 4 structures that pass through the superior orbital fissure

A

Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve

84
Q

What structure passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

85
Q

What outlet does the mandibular division of the trigeminal travel in?

A

Foramen ovale

86
Q

Name the 2 structures that travel in the internal acoustic meatus

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve

87
Q

Name 3 structures that travel through the jugular foramen

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve

88
Q

Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

89
Q

Does the olfactory nerve have only motor or sensory innervation?

A

Motor

90
Q

What does the olfactory nerve give motor innervation to?

A

The nose

91
Q

Where does olfactory nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Olfactory bulb connected to the cerebrum

92
Q

What is the only motor control of the optic nerve to?

A

The eye

93
Q

Where does the optic nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Diencephalon region

94
Q

What is the only motor control of the trochlear nerve to?

A

Superior oblique muscle of eye

95
Q

What is the only motor control of the abducens nerve?

A

Lateral rectus muscle of the eye

96
Q

What is the only motor control of the oculomotor nerve?

A

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique

97
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Midbrain

98
Q

Where does the abducens nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Pons

99
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve rise form in the brain?

A

Midbrain

100
Q

What is the sensory control of the trigeminal nerve to?

A

Forehead
Sinuses
Face
Jaw
Teeth

101
Q

What is the motor control of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

102
Q

What is the only motor control of the facial nerve?

A

Muscles of the face

103
Q

What is the only sensory control of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Vestibular
Cochlear

104
Q

Where does the facial nerve rise form in the brain?

A

Junction of pons and medulla

105
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve rise form in the brain?

A

Junction of pons and medulla

106
Q

What is the sensory control of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Posterior part of tongue
Tonsils
Pharynx

107
Q

What is the motor control of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

108
Q

What is the sensory control of the vagus nerve?

A

Heart
Lungs
Bronchi
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Gastrointestinal tract
External ear

109
Q

What is the motor control of the vagus nerve?

A

Heart
Lungs
Bronchi
Gastrointestinal tract

110
Q

Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve rise form in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

111
Q

Where does there vagus nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

112
Q

What is the motor control of the accessory nerve?

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

113
Q

Where does the accessory nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

114
Q

What is the motor control of the tongue?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

115
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve rise from in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

116
Q

What is the crista galli?

A

Triangular projection from the ethmoid bone

117
Q

Name 2 other nerves that also pass through the cribriform plates

A

Nasociliary nerve
Nasopalatine nerve

118
Q

Where is the sella turcica located?

A

Central part of the sphenoid bone

119
Q

Name the 3 parts of the sella turcica

A

Tuberculum sella
Hypophysial fossa
Dorsae sellae

120
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?

A

Surrounds sella turcica
Attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli

120
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?

A

Surrounds sella turcica
Attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli

121
Q

Which important gland lies in the sella turcica?

A

Pituitary gland

121
Q

Which important gland lies in the sella turcica?

A

Pituitary gland

122
Q

Where is the internal acoustic meatus in relation to the jugular foramen?

A

Located above and to the right/left

123
Q

What is cerebellar tonsillar herniation?

A

Cerebellar tonsils displace downwards through the foramen magnum

124
Q

What are causes of cerebellar tonsillar herniation?

A

Increased intracranial pressure
Hydrocephalus
Lesions

125
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

Abnormal build up of CSF in the ventricles of the brain

126
Q

What can cerebellar tonsillar herniation lead to?

A

Compression of the pons and medulla, leading to cardiorespiratory arrest

127
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?

A

Choroid plexuses of the brain

128
Q

Through which structure does the CSF enter the venous sinuses?

A

Arachnoid villi

129
Q

In which pressure situation will CSF flow into the venous sinuses?

A

If the CSF pressure is larger than the venous sinus pressure

130
Q

In which situation will CSF NOT flow into the venous sinuses?

A

If the CSF pressure is less than the venous sinus pressure

131
Q

How can a blockage of the arachnoid villi cause hydrocephalus?

A

CSF cannot be taken into the venous system, but CSF is still produced in the choroid plexuses, resulting in increased pressure of the brain

132
Q

What arteries does the internal common carotid artery terminate as?

A

Middle cerebral arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries

133
Q

Why is it important that the vertebral arteries and internal carotid are connected?

A

Ensures that blood pressure is equalised

134
Q

Why are subdural haematomas more likely to occur in the elderly?

A

Brian shrinks in the elderly, so the cerebral veins that are attached to the dura and venous sinuses are stretched, so more easily ruptured

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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