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Anatomy Y2 > Forearm and Wrist > Flashcards

Forearm and Wrist Flashcards

1
Q

Which distal end of the radius or ulna is larger?

A

Distal end of radius is larger than distal end of ulna

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2
Q

Which 2 carpal bones of the wrist does the radius articulate with?

A

Scaphoid
Lunate

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3
Q

What process on the distal radius articulates with the carpal bones?

A

Radius styloid process

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4
Q

Name the tubercle on the posterior side of the distal end of the radius

A

Dorsal tubercle

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5
Q

Name the notch on distal end of radius that articulates with the ulna

A

Ulnar notch

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5
Q

Name the notch on distal end of radius that articulates with the ulna

A

Ulnar notch

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6
Q

Which order of bones does force through the hand pass through?

A

Force will go through radius distally then pass through ulna (size of bone reflects where force is beared)

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7
Q

What joins the radius and ulna in the forearm?

A

Interosseous membrane

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8
Q

Does the ulna directly articulate with carpal bones?

A

No, it articulates with an fibrocartilage disc positioned above the carpal bones

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9
Q

Name the carpal bones of the hand

A

Trapezium
Scaphoid
Trapezoid
Capitate
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

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10
Q

How many carpal bones are there?

A

8

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11
Q

How many metacarpals are there?

A

5

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12
Q

How many proximal phalanges are there?

A

5

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13
Q

How many middle phalanges are there?

A

4

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14
Q

How many distal phalanges are there?

A

5

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15
Q

Which carpal has a prominent hook?

A

Hamate

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16
Q

Which carpal bone articulates with the thumb?

A

Trapezium

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17
Q

Which carpal bone articulates with the fibrocartilage disc attached to the ulna?

A

Triquetrum

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18
Q

Through which carpal bone is most force of the hand transmitted through?

A

Scaphoid (little bit through lunate)

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19
Q

Which forearm bone crosses over in pronation?

A

The radius crosses over the ulna in pronation

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20
Q

All muscles involved in movement of the hand are _________ to the hand

A

Extrinsic

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21
Q

What does it mean if the muscle is extrinsic to the hand?

A

The main belly of the muscle is in the forearm, only tendons are sent to the hand

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22
Q

Why can the hand adduct more than it can abduct?

A

The radius styloid process is larger than the ulnar styloid process, so less movement is possible around the radius styloid process

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23
Q

What movement can the thumb do that the other digits cannot do?

A

Opposition (contact to other digits)

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23
Q

What movement can the thumb do that the other digits cannot do?

A

Opposition (contact to other digits)

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24
Q

What type of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial joint - all carpal bones are contained in the same synovial membrane

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25
Q

Which bones are involved in the mid carpal joint

A

The proximal and distal row of carpal bones

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26
Q

Can all mammals carry out supination?

A

No, most 4 legged mammals are permanently pronated so that the digits face forwards

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27
Q

How are the anterior and posterior compartments of the arm displaced?

A

Anterior compartment displaces towards the ulna
Posterior compartment displaces towards the radius

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28
Q

What wrist action does the anterior compartment of the arm conduct?

A

Flexion and abduction

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29
Q

What wrist action does the posterior compartment of the arm conduct?

A

Extension and adduction

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30
Q

Which side of the arm conducts abduction?

A

Radial side

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31
Q

Which side of the arm conducts adduction?

A

Ulnar side

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31
Q

Which side of the arm conducts adduction?

A

Ulnar side

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32
Q

What nerve innervates the whole posterior compartment of the arm?

A

Radial nerve

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33
Q

How many muscles are present on the superficial layer of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

7 muscles

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34
Q

Name the 7 muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of forearm

A

Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Anconeus

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35
Q

What is the origin of brachioradialis?

A

Lateral supraepicondylar ridge

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36
Q

What is the insertion of brachioradialis?

A

Lateral surface of distal radius

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37
Q

What innervates brachioradialis?

A

Radial nerve

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38
Q

What is the action of brachioradialis?

A

Flexion of elbow when arm is partially pronated

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38
Q

What is the action of brachioradialis?

A

Flexion of elbow when arm is partially pronated

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39
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?

A

Lateral supraepicondylar ridge (longus)
Lateral epicondyle (longus and brevis)

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40
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?

A

Base of metacarpal 2 (longus and brevis)
Base of metacarpal 3 (brevis)

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41
Q

What innervates extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis?

A

Radial nerve

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42
Q

What is the action of extensor radialis longus and brevis?

A

Extension and abduction of the wrist

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43
Q

What is the origin of extensor digitorum?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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44
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digitorum?

A

Extensor hoods of digits 2-5

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45
Q

What innervates extensor digitorum?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseous nerve)

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46
Q

What is the action of extensor digitorum?

A

Extends digits 2-5 and the wrist

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47
Q

What is the origin of extensor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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48
Q

What is the insertion of extensor digiti minimi?

A

Extensor hood of digit 5

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49
Q

What innervates extensor digiti minimi?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseus)

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50
Q

What is the action of extensor digit minimi?

A

Accessory extensor of digit 5

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51
Q

What is the origin of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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52
Q

What is the insertion of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Base of metacarpal 5

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53
Q

What innervates extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseous)

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54
Q

What is the action of extensor carpi ulnaris?

A

Extension and adduction of the wrist

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55
Q

What is the origin of aconeus?

A

Lateral epicondyle

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56
Q

What is the insertion of aconeus?

A

Olecranon and posterior surface of ulna

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57
Q

What is the innervation of aconeus?

A

Radial nerve

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58
Q

What is the action of aconeus?

A

Abducts ulna to maintain position of the hand, stabilises elbow joint

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59
Q

How many muscles are in the deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

5

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59
Q

How many muscles are in the deep layer of posterior compartment of forearm?

A

5

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60
Q

Which 2 superficial muscles of posterior compartment of forearm do not cross the wrist joint?

A

Brachioradialis
Anconeus

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61
Q

Name the 5 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of forearm

A

Supinator
Abductor longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis

62
Q

What is is difference between the direction of muscle fibres in the superficial and deep layer of posterior compartment of arm?

A

Deep layer fibres point towards the thumb, superficial layers point towards the pinky

63
Q

What is the origin of supinator?

A

Lateral epicondyle and ulna

63
Q

What is the origin of supinator?

A

Lateral epicondyle and ulna

64
Q

What is the insertion of supinator?

A

Oblique line of radius

65
Q

What innervates the supinator?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseous)

66
Q

What is the action of supinator?

A

Supinates forearm (when arm is extended)

66
Q

What is the action of supinator?

A

Suoinates forearm (when arm is extended)

67
Q

What is the origin of abductor pollicis longus?

A

Posterior surface of radius and ulna, interosseus membrane

68
Q

What is the insertion of abductor pollicis longus?

A

Lateral side of metacarpal 1

69
Q

What innervates the abductor pollicis longus?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseus)

70
Q

What is the action of abductor pollicis longus?

A

Abduction of the thumb

71
Q

What is the origin of extensor pollicis brevis and longus?

A

Posterior radius (brevis)
Posterior ulna (longus)
Interosseus membrane (both)

72
Q

What is the insertion of extensor pollicis longus and brevis?

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 1 (brevis)
Distal phalanx of digit 1 (longus)

73
Q

What innervates the extensors pollicis longus and brevis?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseus)

74
Q

What is the action of extensors pollicis longus and brevis?

A

Extension of the thumb

75
Q

What is the origin of extensor indicus?

A

Posterior ulna
Interosseus membrane

76
Q

What is the insertion of extensor indicus?

A

Extensor hood of digit 2

77
Q

What innervates extensor indicus?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseus)

77
Q

What innervates extensor indicus?

A

Radial nerve
(Posterior interosseus)

78
Q

What is the action of extensor indicus?

A

Extends digit 2

79
Q

How many muscles are part of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

4

80
Q

Name the 4 muscles in the superficial layer in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

81
Q

Which is the only superficial muscle of anterior compartment of forearm that doesn’t cross wrist joint?

A

Pronator teres

82
Q

What is the origin of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Humeral head (medial epicondyle)
Ulnar head (Olecranon and posterior border of ulna)

83
Q

What is the insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Pisiform and hamate (base of 5th metacarpal)

84
Q

What innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve

85
Q

What is the action of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Flexion and adduction of wrist

86
Q

What nerve passes between the 2 heads of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar nerve

87
Q

What is the origin of palmaris longus?

A

Medial epicondyle

88
Q

What is the insertion of palmaris longus?

A

Palmar aponeurosis, base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal

89
Q

What innervates palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

90
Q

What is the action of palmaris longus?

A

Flexion of wrist and tightening of palm skin

91
Q

Is palmaris longus a common muscle in all people?

A

No, it can be absent in 15% of population, could be in one forearm and not the other

92
Q

What is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Medial epicondyle

93
Q

What is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Base of metacarpal 2 and 3

94
Q

What innervates flexor carpi radialis?

A

Median nerve

95
Q

What is the action of flexor carpi radialis?

A

Flexion and abduction of the wrist

96
Q

What is the origin of pronator teres?

A

Medial epicondyle (humeral head)
Coronoid process of ulna
(ulnar head)

97
Q

What is the insertion of pronator teres?

A

Lateral mid shaft of the radius

98
Q

What innervates pronator teres?

A

Median nerve

99
Q

What is the action of pronator teres?

A

Pronation of the forearm

100
Q

What nerve passes between the 2 heads of palmaris longus?

A

Median nerve

101
Q

Which superficial muscle of the anterior compartment forearm forms a border of the cubital fossa?

A

Pronator teres

102
Q

Does the anterior or posterior compartment of the forearm have an intermediate layer of muscle?

A

Only the anterior of the forearm has an intermediate layer of muscle

103
Q

Name the intermediate muscle of the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

104
Q

What is the origin of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna (Humero-ulnar head)
Oblique line of radius (Radial head)

105
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Splits into 4 tendons at the wrist. Attaches to margins of middle phalanges digits 2-5

106
Q

What innervates flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median nerve

107
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Flexion of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal and the first interphalangeal joint for digits 2-5

108
Q

Which 2 structures run between the heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

The ulnar artery and median nerve run between the heads of the muscle

109
Q

How many muscles are in the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

A

3

110
Q

Name the 3 deep muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

111
Q

What is the origin of flexor digitorum profundus

A

Anterior surface of ulna and interosseus membrane

112
Q

What is the insertion of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Splits into 4 tendons, bases of distal phalanges of digits 2-5

113
Q

What innervates flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Median nerve - lateral half
Ulnar nerve - medial half

114
Q

What is the action of flexor digitorum profundus?

A

Flexion of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints, proximal and distal interphalangeal joints

115
Q

Name the only muscle in forearm that flexes the distal interphalangeal joints

A

Flexor digitorum profundus

116
Q

What is the origin of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Anterior surface of radius and interosseus membrane

117
Q

What is the insertion of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Base of distal phalanx of digit 1

118
Q

What is the action of flexor pollicis longus?

A

Flexion of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint of digit 1

119
Q

What innervates flexor pollicis longus?

A

Median nerve

120
Q

What is the origin of pronator quadratus?

A

Anterior surface of distal part of ulna

121
Q

What is the insertion of pronator quadratus?

A

Anterolateral surface of distal radius

122
Q

What innervates pronator quadratus?

A

Median nerve

123
Q

What is the action of pronator quadratus?

A

Pronation of the forearm

124
Q

Name 3 muscles that carry out abduction

A

Flexor carpi radialis
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi radialis longus

125
Q

Name 2 muscles that carry out adduction?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris

126
Q

Which 3 muscles contract for pronation

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Anconeus

126
Q

Which 3 muscles contract for pronation

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Anconeus

127
Q

Which 3 muscles contract for pronation?

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Anconeus

128
Q

Which 2 muscles contract for supination?

A

Supinator and biceps brachii

129
Q

Name the 4 main arterial branches from the brachial artery that supply the forearm

A

Radial artery
Ulnar artery
Anterior interosseus artery
Posterior interosseus artery

130
Q

Does the ulnar or radial artery move lateral down the forearm?

A

Radial artery is lateral down the forearm

131
Q

Dos the ulnar or radial artery move medially down the forearm?

A

Ulnar artery is medial down the forearm

132
Q

Which 2 arteries of the arm move through the interosseus membrane?

A

Posterior and anterior interosseus arteries

133
Q

Outline where the brachial pulse can be found

A

Medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa

134
Q

Outline where the radial pulse can be found

A

Immediately lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radials at the wrist

135
Q

What are the only muscles in the anterior compartment that are not innervated by the median nerve, but ulnar nerve instead?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial half of flexor digitorum profundus

136
Q

Describe pathway of median nerve

A

Passes through cubital fossa, anterior aspect of arm then through the carpal tunnel, it then gives off 2 branches

137
Q

Describe the pathway of the ulnar nerve

A

Passes behind the medial epicondyle, down medial edge of arm (with ulnar artery) then enters carpal tunnel, then gives off 2 branches

138
Q

Describe the pathway of the radial nerve

A

Passes around the front of the lateral epicondyle then gives off the posterior interosseus nerve

139
Q

What is the carpal tunnel formed by?

A

Carpal bones and flexor retinaculum

140
Q

Where does the carpal tunnel attach medially?

A

Medially attaches to pisiform and hook of hamate

141
Q

What does the carpal tunnel attach laterally?

A

Scaphoid and trapezium

141
Q

What does the carpal tunnel attach laterally?

A

Scaphoid and trapezium

142
Q

How many tendons are in the carpal tunnel?

A

9

143
Q

Which nerve in within the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve

144
Q

Which nerve and artery passes in their own space not directly inside the carpal tunnel?

A

Ulnar nerve and artery

145
Q

What happens to the median nerve in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of median nerve due to swelling of the tendons and the sheath

146
Q

What can happen to thenar muscles in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Weakness and atrophy of thenar muscles

147
Q

What is another name for the flexor retinaculum?

A

Transverse carpal ligament

148
Q

How many tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis are found in the carpal tunnel?

A

4

149
Q

How many tendons of flexor digitorum profundus are found in the carpal tunnel?

A

4

150
Q

The tendons of which 4 muscles are found in the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor pollicis longus

151
Q

Name the group of muscles found above the hamate in the carpal tunnel?

A

Hypothenar muscles

152
Q

Name the group of muscles found above the trapezium in the carpal tunnel?

A

Thenar muscles

153
Q

The tendon on which muscle in the carpal tunnel is within its own sheath?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

Anatomy Y2 (18 decks)

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