Venereal Diseases Flashcards
three venerally transmitted diseases in bovine
- Trichomoniasis
- Campylobateriosis
- Ureaplasma
six venerally transmitted diseases in equine
- Equine coital exanthema (EHV‐3)
- Equine viral arteritis
- Contagious equine metritis
- Pseudomonas spp.
- Klebsiella spp.
- Dourine (exotic to Canada)
what makes it difficult to differentiate between trichomonas, campylobacter, ureaplasma?
they have the same clinical signs
what are the similar clinical signs found in cows that makes it hard to differentiate between venereal diseases?
-infertility
-low conception rate
-irregular cycle length
-long breeding season
-low pregnancy rate
-long calving season
-sporadic abortions
trichomoniasis
-bulls
-where it lives
-transmission
-features of parasite
-Bulls – asymptomatic carriers
-Colonize penis and prepuce of mature bulls
-Transmission by bulls riding each other, bull to cow to bull, or by contaminated AI equipment or semen
-Trichomonas foetus; Flagellated protozoal parasite. Undulating membrane. size of RBC
clinical signs of trichomoniasis in cows
Cows ‐ Syndrome of infertility
-Repeat breeders
-Irregular estrus intervals (a sign of early embryonic death ‐ EED)
-Post‐breeding pyometra
-Vaginitis, endometritis
-Open cows
prognosis and control of trichomoniasis
Prognosis
-Spontaneous recovery in cows may occur after 3 months
-May become pregnant if long enough breeding season
-Poor for bull ‐ carrier state – source of infection– cull
Control
-Vaccination
-Use A.I.
campylobacteriosis
-effect on young vs old bulls
-transmission
-Young bulls – if exposed before 3 yrs of age they will spread disease but usually clear it and become free of infection
-Old bulls – organism lives in epithelial crypts of penis/prepuce that develop after 4 yrs of age
-Become asymptomatic carriers
-Spread bull to cow (to bull), or bulls riding other bulls. Also thru contaminated AI equipment
what organism causes Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)
-Campylobacter fetus spp. Venerealis
-Gram negative, motile, extracellular microaerophilic rod
clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis) in cows
Cows: Syndrome of infertility:
-Repeat breeders
-Irregular estrus intervals (EED)
-Open cows
-Long breeding and calving seasons
-Mild salpingitis and endometritis
prognosis and control of Campylobacteriosis (Vibriosis)
Prognosis
-Good – cows usually clear the infection within 3‐6 months
-Develop immunity and become pregnant
-Young bulls also develop immunity
Control
-Cull older bulls
-Vaccination
Use AI
features of Ureaplasmosis (Granular vulvitis)
where is it present in cows
Ureaplasma diversum
-Small organism
-No cell wall
-Normal inhabitant
-Cows – vulva and vagina
-Bulls – distal urethra, prepuce and semen
clinical signs of Ureaplasmosis (Granular vulvitis) in cow
Syndrome of infertility
-Granular vulvitis (classic) (Vulva inflamed, hyperemic, Discrete raised red granules, Profuse sticky mucopurulent vulvar discharge)
-Repeat breeders
-Early ED – normal estrus intervals
-Late ED – long estrus intervals
-Abortions/placentitis
-If organisms are introduced into uterus (AI or breeding) a mild endometritis +/‐ salpingitis results ‐‐‐ leads to Early embryonic death (EED)
clinical signs of Ureaplasmosis (Granular vulvitis) in bull
-Balanoposthitis in the bull
prognosis and control of Ureaplasmosis
Prognosis
-Recurrent, so depends on management
-Lives in semen, including frozen semen
Control
-No vaccine – “live with it”
-AI with (sheath or double rod technique)
-Infusion/douche with tetracycline
what venereal disease does a cow have if there is: post breeding pyometra, endometritis, EEED and the bull is normal?
trichomonas
what venereal disease does a cow have if there is: endometritis, EEED and the bull is normal?
campylobacter
what venereal disease does a cow have if there is: granular vulvitis, EEED, abortion and the bull has balanoposthitis?
ureaplasma
diagnosis of venereal disease in cows vs bulls
-Culture organism to differentiate Trich from Campy
-Specialized transport media – contact lab first
-Cows – using sheathed AI rod and syringe, collect mucous from anterior vagina and cervix
-Bulls – preputial scrapings – a more reliable way to diagnose a herd problem than sampling lots of cows
–> Require 3 consecutive tests two weeks apart to ensure free of disease
control and prevention of Trich and Campy
-Goal is eradication from herd
-Testing bulls is more rewarding – cull
-Keep only young bulls
-Avoid group housing and sharing of bulls
-Use of AI
Vaccination for Trichomonas and Campylobacter
-Prophylaxis and treatment
equine coital exanthema
-other name for it
-when clinical signs appear
-Equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV‐3)
-Clinical signs 5‐7 days after mating
clinical signs for mare vs stallion with equine coital exanthema
Mare:
-Vesicles on vulva, perineum, anus
-Progress to pustules
-Heal in 7‐10 days
-May lose pigmentation
Stallion
-Vesicles/pustules of penis and prepuce
-Pain may cause reluctance to breed
-Delays in breeding season
diagnosis and treatment of Equine coital exanthema
Diagnosis
-Clinical signs
-Intranuclear inclusion bodies on histology
-Self limiting
-Does not affect fertility
-No treatment unless secondary infections
Bacterial Venereal Endometritis
-agents
-presentation
-prevention
-treatment
-Agents: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae
-May cause acute post‐breeding endometritis – failure of pregnancy
-Chronic endometritis
-Asymptomatic carriers ‐ stallions
-Routine swabbing of mares pre breeding as part of stallion contract
-Treat as acute endometritis – uterine lavage and appropriate antibiotic based on culture and sensitivity – repeat swab following treatment
Equine viral arteritis; what virus family, transmission
-Equine arteritis virus = an Arterivirus
Transmission
-Direct contact/aerosol from respiratory secretions
-Venereal by mating or AI – some stallions can shed for life
-Contact with aborted fetus/membranes/fluids
clinical signs of EVA
-Signs range from sub‐clinical to severe
-Fever, depression, anorexia
-Ventral and distal limb edema, mammary or prepucial/scrotal edema, urticaria
-Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
-Abortion
-Pneumonia in foals
mare shedding of EVA
-Mares infected at breeding shed virus for up to 21 days
-Source of infection for other pregnant mares on farm ‐ abortion
stallion shedding
-Produces a carrier state in many stallions following infection
-Persistent shedding of virus in semen
-Testosterone dependent
-Harboured in accessory sex glands
Source of infection
-Natural cover
-AI – fresh or frozen semen
control of EVA
-serological testing of all stallions
-semen testing for sero-positive stallions to determine carrier status
-vaccination of mares prior to breeding with infected stallion/semen (isolate them for 21d after)
-yearly vaccination of negative stallion; MLV vaccine
-antibody response to vaccination indistinguishable from response to natural infection
-export of sero-positive horses to some countries may not be allowed (keep in mind when advising clients)
Contagious equine metritis
-agent
-is it contagious
-spread
-Taylorella equigenitalis (Fastidious microaerophilic, Gram‐negative coccobacillus)
-Federally reportable disease in Canada
-Highly contagious venereal disease
-Spread between mares by infected stallion (Natural cover, AI – in contaminated semen)
clinical signs of CEM of mare vs stallions
Mare infertility – signs may range from inapparent to mild to severe
-Acute endometritis
-Copious vaginal discharge
-Signs start 2‐10 days after breeding
-Early return to estrus (7‐10 days)
Stallions – no outward signs
-May be found during testing for export of semen
CEM carrier state
-Both stallions and mares can be/become asymptomatic carriers
-No outward signs
-Carry and can transmit the organism
-May be restricted to caudal tract in some carrier mares (Can conceive and carry a foal to term)
diagnosis of CEM
-Specific swabs
-Mare: clitoral fossa and clitoral sinuses; cervix or endometrium if not pregnant
-Stallion: urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath
-Aimes charcoal media
-Must be received at lab within 48 hrs on ice (Complement fixation test)
-rt-PCR
-serology (CF or IFAT) in test mares
dfferential diagnosis for CEM
-Klebsiella pneumoniae
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
can you rely on stallions for diagnosis of CEM?
-Cultures in stallions are unreliable for detection of carriers
-Test breeding of 2 mares is required
-These mares are cultured and serum‐tested for CEM
treatment of CEM
-Ceruminolytic
-Scrub with chlorhexidine – 4% solution
–>Mare: clitoral body, fossa, sinuses
–>Stallion: penis, prepuce
-Pack with silver sulfadiazine ointment
–>Mare: clitoral fossa, sinuses
–>Stallion: fossa glandis, urethral fossa, prepuce
- +/‐ Add uterine infusion for mares
-Repeat for 5 days
-Cultures repeated >7 days after therapy (Three consecutive negatives >7 days apart = clear)
prevention of CEM; horses and semen, hygeine
Strict import regulations – horses
-Pre‐importation testing
-Post‐importation quarantine and testing
-~2% of imported stallions found positive for CEM during quarantine in the US
-Strict import regulations – semen
Maintain strict hygiene
-Wash water/buckets
-Disposable phantom covers
-Disposable gloves
-Disinfect equipment
