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Theriogenology > Principles of Obstetrics and Terminology > Flashcards

Principles of Obstetrics and Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some maternal causes of dystocia (4)

A

-Abnormalities of the pelvis (size, fracture),
-Cervix (ringwomb), Vagina (vaginal
prolapse)
-Uterine torsion
-Uterine inertia

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2
Q

what is ringwomb + what happens

A

-Failure of cervical dilation

-Genetic link – runs in certain bloodlines
-Normal hormonal changes don’t happen
-No signs of impending labour
-Presents as fetal membranes hanging from vulva

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3
Q

what causes failure of cervical dilation in cows

A

-In association with uterine torsion
-Or if the calf is dead and does not enter pelvic canal (lack of Fergusson reflex)

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4
Q

what is uterine inertia

A

Inability to trigger uterine contractions

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5
Q

primary uterine inertia

A

– Hypocalcemia
– Overstretching – due to hydrops, multiple fetuses

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6
Q

secondary uterine inertia

A

Exhaustion of the myometrium after prolonged and unsuccessful delivery attempt– inability to continue uterine contractions

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7
Q

fetal causes of dystocia (4)

A

-Fetal maternal disproportion (Fetus too big or pelvis too small)
-Fetal malalignment (Presentation, posture or position)
-Multiple fetuses (twins, triplets…)
-Fetal monsters

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle

A

Fetal-maternal disproportion

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9
Q

causes of Fetal-maternal disproportion

A

– Heifers with insufficient pelvic size
– Large fetus too big for normal pelvis
– Large bulls
– Double muscled breeds
– Consider calving ease in bull selection

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10
Q

when can you see Fetal-maternal disproportion in dogs

A

single pup litter, puppy grows too big for birth canal

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11
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in horses and alpacas

A

Fetal malalignment

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12
Q

what is fetal malalignment

A

Abnormalities of presentation, posture or position

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13
Q

what is a Congenital abnormalities in cows / what do we see

A

Schistosomus reflexus

-Spinal curvature
-Thoracic/ abdominal walls
not fused
-ankylosis

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14
Q

what is Perosomus elumbus and what does it look like

A

-congenital abnormality

-Vertebral agenesis and arthrogryposis
-Front half relatively normal
-Flexure and ankylosis of hindlimbs
-No vertebrae caudal to thorax
-Pelvis is flat

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15
Q

what is an autosomal recessive issue in angus

A

Neuropathic hydrocephalus

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16
Q

hydrocephalus in horses cause

A

-Hydrocephalus in Friesian and Belgian horses associated with nonsense mutation in B3GALNT2
-Autosomal recessive

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17
Q

what is Fetal Anasarca and who do we see it in

A
  • Generalized edema
  • Esp. bulldogs
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18
Q

what is Fetal ascites

A
  • Abdomen full of fluid
  • Assoc. with organ abnormalities
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19
Q

first and second most common causes of dystocia in cows

A

-Fetopelvic disproportion
-Fetal malalignment

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20
Q

main causes of fetal malalignment in mares

A

– Head and/or limb deviation; 40-61%
– Posterior presentations; 11 - 50%
– Contracted tendons; 8%
– Transverse; 10-16%

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21
Q

most common cause of dystocia in the bitch and queen

A

Uterine inertia (complete)

22
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the ewe

A

-Fetal malalignment
-Obstruction of birth canal

23
Q

most common causes of dystocia in the sow

A

-Uterine inertia
-Fetal malalignment

24
Q

three features of Describing the Fetal Alignment

A
  • Presentation
  • Position
  • Posture
25
Q

what does presentation describe and options

A

-Describes the relative association of the LONG AXIS of the fetus with the maternal birth canal
-Which half of the fetus is presented first at the entry to the birth canal

Normal is:
– Anterior longitudinal
-or posterior in the cow

26
Q

how to tell difference between anterior and posterior position

A

-anterior = These joints bend
in same direction. fetlock and carpus

-posterior = These joints bend
in different direction. fetlock and hock

27
Q

anterior vs posterior presentation

A

-Anterior Presentation; palmar aspects of forelimb hooves should be pointing down (unless fetus is upside-down) – feel for head

Posterior Longitudinal;
-Two hindlimbs (hooves) and tail are presented
-Plantar aspects of hooves should bepointing UP
-Careful palpation of joints
-Considered “normal” in cows but usually requires assistance for delivery – PULL!

28
Q

what does position describe and what is normal

A

-Describes the surface of the maternal birth canal to which the dorsal part of the fetus is aligned

-Dorsal-sacral is normal (i.e. the dorsum of fetus is aligned with the sacrum of the dam)

29
Q

what does posture describe and what is normal

A

-Describes the disposition of the
fetal head, neck and limbs
-Normal is extended head and limbs
(forelimbs if anterior; hindlimbs if posterior)

30
Q

what position is breech

A

Breech is Posterior with Bilateral Hip Flexion

31
Q

what are two abnormal presentations

A

-transverse
-vertical

32
Q

transverse presentation; what is it, types

A

-fetus lies across pelvic inlet
~~dorsal - fetal back at pelvic inlet
~~ventral – all four limbs at pelvic inlet

33
Q

vertical presentation; what is it, another name

A

-Vertical – fetus sits vertically in pelvic inlet
-also known as “Dog-Sitting”

34
Q

appearance of dog sitting during parturition

A

-Delivery appears normal and then progress suddenly stops
-Fetal hindlimbs are also engaged in pelvis and impede delivery

35
Q

abnormal positions (2)

A

-Dorso; pubic (ie upside-down)
-Right or left dorsal- ilial (ie lateral)

36
Q

abnormal postures (4)

A

-Describe the abnormally positioned
body part and direction
-Lateral deviation of head and neck
-Ventroflexion of the head
-Carpal flexion; Uni – or bilateral
-Shoulder

37
Q

what do you need to determine on Initial Exam and Assessment (8)

A

*History
* General Physical
* Cervix - ? Dilated, Torsion ?
* Fetal viability
* Fetal number
* Uterine tears
* Pelvic size /abnorm.
* Presentation, position and posture

38
Q

Obstetrical Principles (6)

A

-Cleanliness

-Lubrication – lots!

-Care and caution
~~Use relaxed haste
~~Avoid excessive force

-Restraint and Location
~~Epidural
~~Sedation
~~General anesthesia (mare)

-Rule of 3 – must have 3 parts presented to pull

-Have a plan and timelines

39
Q

Lidocaine Epidural; where, outcome

A

-Very useful
-Sacro-coccygeal or C1-C2 intervertebral space
-Reduces straining to allow easier manipulation of fetus
-May result in more assistance being
required

40
Q

Toxicity of Polymer Lube

A

-Linked to acute deaths
-If it goes intraperitoneal results in peritonitis, hemolysis, renal failure and death
-Do not use if C section likely

41
Q

how can you assess fetal vitality (6)

A

-Fetal Reflexes

-Disappear from peripheral to central as fetal depression occurs
->Interdigital claw
->Swallowing (Apply pressure to base of tongue)
->Eyeball (disappears last)
->Anal reflex is not
consistent

-Heart beat – umbilical, tail, thorax

-Ultrasound

-ECG

42
Q

good signs if the calf will fit

A
  • If the fetal fetlocks / hocks can be extended a hands width past the vulva – likely will come
  • Hooves out with straining and go in when straining stops
43
Q

bad signs if the calf will fit

A
  • Prolonged labour and head still not in pelvis
  • If you bring up the head and limbs and start pulling and the head goes back, likely not enough room
  • Forelimbs crossed
  • Volar surfaces of hooves directed medially
  • In these cases, immediate C-section is best option if calf alive
44
Q

Principles in Fetal
Repositioning (3)

A

-Control of limbs/head
-Repulsion
-Rotation
->Distal limb brought medially
->Joint rotated laterally (Eg. Carpal flexion)

45
Q

why do you cup the hooves when pulling calves

A

to prevent trauma to dam

46
Q

whats the best thing to do to try and get the calf to fit out

A

Rotate fetus 45 degrees through widest angle of pelvis to prevent hiplock

47
Q

what is the rule of 3 in obstetrics?

A

Rule of 3 – must have 3 parts presented to pull

48
Q

Options for Resolution of
Dystocia (4)

A

-Assisted Vaginal Delivery AVD (standing)
-Controlled Vaginal Delivery CVD (anesthetized)
-Fetotomy
-Caesarean Section

49
Q

Assisted Vaginal Delivery; what do you do

A

-Performed standing (+/- sedation or epidural)
-Reposition fetus
-Deliver fetus in downward arc
-Walk fetus through birth canal one forelimb in front of the other

50
Q

Traction Guidelines

A

Need 70 kg force to deliver a calf

-careful when using assisting devices!

51
Q

Controlled Vaginal Delivery; who is it used in, allows for what

A

-Under general anesthesia
-Used in mares
-Often permits manipulations and
extraction that are otherwise not possible
-Easy to move quickly onto a fetotomy or C section

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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