Canine Pregnancy Flashcards

Question

what is abd u/s important for

Answer 1

gestational ageing

Answer 2

best results = 3-5d prior to due date

Answer 3

45d of pregnancy

Answer 4

◦ >19-21 days of pregnancy; levels peak mid-pregnancy ◦ Often measured at 24-26 days of pregnancy ◦ If too early → false negative → recheck or small litter in giant breed dog ◦ If resorptions/abortions → false positive

Answer 5

bc no surfactant if > 2 days before due date

Answer 6

Canine placenta cannot support fetuses >2 days past whelping date = intra uterine fetal death

Answer 7

◦ To know when they are due! ◦ Bitches that require elective c-sections (brachycephalics, singleton litters) ◦ Bitches that may require additional monitoring during whelping ◦ High risk pregnancy bitches ◦ Bitches that require progesterone supplementation to maintain pregnancy

Answer 8

ultrasound

Answer 9

◦ Amniotic vesicle as early as 19-21 days ◦ Heart beat 1st visible at 23-26 days ◦ Placenta becomes zonary at 29-31 days ◦ At 32 days, placental edges starts to curl inwards ◦ At 37 days, fetus is longer than zonary placenta

Answer 10

◦ Amniotic vesicle as early as 19-21 days ◦ Heart beat 1st visible at 23-26 days ◦ Placenta becomes zonary at 29-31 days ◦ At 32 days, placental edges starts to curl inwards ◦ At 37 days, fetus is longer than zonary placenta

Answer 11

Last 3rd of canine pregnancy = period of rapid fetal growth – bitch should gain 25-30% of her body weight by time of whelping ◦ Should take number of fetuses, breed & age of bitch, activity level & bitch’s BCS into consideration

Answer 12

-Should be on diet with increased protein, carbohydrates and minerals + increased calories ( >375kcal/cup; 400-450kcal/cup is better) ◦ Small, frequent meals → Especially if not eating well ◦ Diets made especially for growth or lactation (e.g. puppy food, high performance diet)

Answer 13

◦ Calcium ◦ Do NOT supplement with calcium during gestation → predisposes to hypocalcemia, dystocia ◦ Ca:P ratio no higher than 1.2:1; no lower than 1:1

Answer 14

◦ Not recommended during pregnancy, especially if homemade ◦ Possibility of bacterial transmission from the GI tract to the uterus via the bloodstream → early embryonic death (EED), abortion, placentitis ◦ Should recommend consultation with veterinary nutritionist, especially if homemade

Answer 15

◦ Believed that legumes bind calcium → less useable calcium available ◦ Predisposition to hypocalcemia → during labor or post partum

Answer 16

◦ Should be kept away from any dogs/puppies with unknown vaccine status ◦ Should be introduced to whelping area 5-7 days prior to due date ◦ Temperature + humidity control

Answer 17

◦ Should not give vaccines during pregnancy → especially not modified live ◦ Ideally would be vaccinated earlier than 2 weeks prior to breeding

Answer 18

◦ Should be dewormed regularly & appropriately for pregnancy

Answer 19

◦ Should be moderate ◦ No rough housing, dog sports, etc.

Answer 20

◦ Should be avoided as much as possible during pregnancy ◦ If they are necessary, all drugs should be evaluated while taking physiologic changes that occur in the pregnant bitches into account ◦ Generally short periods of time, moderate doses are better ◦ Drugs have been categorized to help determine which are “safer” to use in pregnancy

Answer 21

◦ Gestational diabetes mellitus ◦ Pregnancy toxemia

Answer 22

◦ Maternal disease, poor nutrition, drugs, genetic disease, aged oocytes, maternal stress, hypoluteoidism

Answer 23

Early embryonic death → resorptions → 1st half of pregnancy

Answer 24

Abortions → birth of alive or dead fetus + placenta → 2nd half of pregnancy ◦ Stillbirths ◦ Mummification ◦ Maceration ◦ Fetuses born at this stage cannot survive long outside the uterus

Answer 25

-Progesterone → insulin resistance → decreased intracellular glucose uptake → decreased intracellular glucose reserve + increase blood glucose -Progesterone = inc. growth hormone = insulin antagonist -Clinical signs = similar to diabetes mellitus in all dogs (PU/PD), polyphagia, weight loss -Diagnosis = hyperglycemia + glucosuria

Answer 26

Treatment should be attempted ◦ Insulin – requirement of higher doses is expected ◦ Fluid therapy ◦ Can be challenging Untreated ◦ Larger puppies → dystocia ◦ Increased neonatal morbidity and mortality (in humans at least)

Answer 27

Associated with lack of carbohydrates or alteration in carbohydrate metabolism Occurs in late gestation

Answer 28

◦ Prolonged anorexia ◦ Inappropriate nutrition ◦ Intake of carbohydrates < what is needed ◦ Increased litter size ◦ Some form of stressor (eg. change in environment, concurrent illness)

Answer 29

Late pregnancy = ability to produce glucose ◦ Decreased/blunted response to hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia risk is elevated ◦ Decreased ability to produce glucose ◦ Increased requirement for glucose → fetal development & growth Persistent hypoglycemia → insulin secretion suppression → mobilization of fat + release of fatty acids + ketones

Answer 30

◦ Anorexia ◦ Depression ◦ Weakness ◦ Ataxia ◦ Collapse, seizures, coma

Answer 31

◦ IV glucose ◦ Correct dehydration, electrolyte abnormalities ◦ High protein, energy rich diet ad libitum ◦ In some instances, no response to tx → pregnancy termination is required ◦ Pregnancy termination will correct the condition ◦ If mild, could respond to diet change only

Answer 32

◦ Hypoglycemia + ketonuria without glucosuria

Answer 33

Tocodynamometry (Whelp Wise ) ◦ Detects changes in intrauterine & intra-amniotic pressures ◦ Monitors fetal viability & well-being Ultrasound ◦ Fetal heart rate (FHR) = very good indicator of fetal stress ◦ Prolonged decelerations of FHR = fetal stress ◦ FHRs <180bpm can be associated with fetal stress; <160bpm = severe fetal distress ◦ Transient decrease in FHR during uterine contraction = normal Radiographs ◦ Idea on fetal size (eg. 1 fetus much smaller than others) ◦ Fetal death can be identified ◦ Presence of air in the uterus or around the fetus, skull bones deformed or overlap each other, balling of the fetus or hyperextension of the hindlimbs

Answer 34

180-200bpm

Answer 35

Can be done to both monitor a high-risk pregnancy or to help determine to fetal readiness for birth

Answer 36

→ Behavior can be very similar to pregnant bitches ◦ Weight gain, inappetence, nausea ◦ Mammary development, milk production ◦ “Nurse” toy, guard toys → puppy substitute?