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Theriogenology > Canine Pregnancy > Flashcards

Canine Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

when does parturition occur after LH surge

A

65 d

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2
Q

when does parturition occur after ovulation

A

63 d

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3
Q

when does parturition occur after diestrus

A

57 d

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4
Q

when does parturition occur after 1st breeding date

A

57-72 d (lots of variability)

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5
Q

when is the fertile period

A

2-4d post ovulation

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6
Q

what do progesterone levels need to be for pregnancy maintenance

A

> 2ng/mL

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7
Q

is progesterone elevated only during pregnancy

A

no, progesterone is elevated
regardless of pregnant or not

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8
Q

what is P4 produced by

A

CLs

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9
Q

when does P4 decrease prior to parturition

A

24-48hrs prior

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10
Q

what is prolactin required for / important for

A

-Required for maintenance of CLs → indirectly maintain progesterone
-Important for milk production
-Pituitary origin

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11
Q

what is LH important for

A

CL maintenance

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12
Q

what is relaxin produced by

A

placenta

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13
Q

what hormone can we use to diagnose pregnancy in dogs

A

relaxin

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14
Q

cause of pregnancy associated anemia

A

-Reduction of PCV (packed cell volume) down to 32-35% (37-55% normal)
-Caused by hemodilution → increase in blood volume; not a decrease in RBCs

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15
Q

three physiologic changes in pregnancy

A

-pregnancy associated anemia
-increase in acute phase proteins
-leukocytosis without left shift

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16
Q

what are the three phases of pregnancy

A
  1. ovum (d2-17)
  2. embryo (d18-35)
  3. fetal (d35-birth)
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17
Q

what happens during phase 1 of pregnancy

A

◦ Fertilization in the uterine tube
◦ Embryos (blastocyst stage) descend from oviducts into uterus 10-12 days after the LH surge
◦ Trans-uterine migration occurs (d12-17)

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18
Q

what happens during phase 2 of pregnancy

A

◦ At 18-20 days post LH surge, fixation & implantation begins
◦ Implantation ends 2 days later
◦ Organogenesis of the embryo

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19
Q

what happens during phase 3 of pregnancy

A

◦ Ossification/mineralization
◦ Rapid growth period

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20
Q

what is the embryotoxicity critical time point

A

6-20 days post LH

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21
Q

when does the placenta develop

A

approx 20-22 d

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22
Q

what happens at marginal hematomas on placental

A

◦ Maternal blood hemoglobin is metabolized to uteroverdin (Embryo gets iron from here)

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23
Q

when can you do abdominal palpation for pregnancy dx

A

25-35d of pregnancy

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24
Q

when can you do abdominal ultrasound for pregnancy dx

A

d19… most often done >24d pregnancy

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25
Q

what is abd u/s important for

A

gestational ageing

26
Q

when can you do abdominal rads for pregnancy dx

A

best results = 3-5d prior to due date

27
Q

when does fetal mineralization occur

A

45d of pregnancy

28
Q

when can you accurately detect relaxin and what happens if its too early or if there is abortion

A

◦ >19-21 days of pregnancy; levels peak mid-pregnancy
◦ Often measured at 24-26 days of pregnancy
◦ If too early → false negative → recheck or small litter in giant breed dog
◦ If resorptions/abortions → false positive

29
Q

why do premature puppies have high mortality rate

A

bc no surfactant if > 2 days before due date

30
Q

what happens if puppies arent born 2d post whelping date

A

Canine placenta cannot support fetuses >2 days past whelping date
= intra uterine fetal death

31
Q

why is gestational ageing important (5)

A

◦ To know when they are due!
◦ Bitches that require elective c-sections (brachycephalics, singleton litters)
◦ Bitches that may require additional monitoring during whelping
◦ High risk pregnancy bitches
◦ Bitches that require progesterone supplementation to maintain pregnancy

32
Q

what is the gold standard for gestational ageing

A

ultrasound

33
Q

when fetal maturation and organ development occurs

A

◦ Amniotic vesicle as early as 19-21 days
◦ Heart beat 1st visible at 23-26 days
◦ Placenta becomes zonary at 29-31 days
◦ At 32 days, placental edges starts to curl inwards
◦ At 37 days, fetus is longer than zonary placenta

34
Q

what are fetal and extra fetal measurements

A

◦ Amniotic vesicle as early as 19-21 days
◦ Heart beat 1st visible at 23-26 days
◦ Placenta becomes zonary at 29-31 days
◦ At 32 days, placental edges starts to curl inwards
◦ At 37 days, fetus is longer than zonary placenta

35
Q

what happens in the last third of canine pregnancy

A

Last 3rd of canine pregnancy = period of rapid fetal growth – bitch should gain 25-30% of her body weight by time of whelping
◦ Should take number of fetuses, breed & age of bitch, activity level & bitch’s BCS into consideration

36
Q

what type of diet should a pregnant bitch be on

A

-Should be on diet with increased protein, carbohydrates and minerals + increased calories
( >375kcal/cup; 400-450kcal/cup is better)
◦ Small, frequent meals → Especially if not eating well
◦ Diets made especially for growth or lactation (e.g. puppy food, high performance diet)

37
Q

what should you not supplement during gestation and why

A

◦ Calcium
◦ Do NOT supplement with calcium during gestation → predisposes to hypocalcemia, dystocia
◦ Ca:P ratio no higher than 1.2:1; no lower than 1:1

38
Q

raw diets and pregnancy

A

◦ Not recommended during pregnancy, especially if homemade
◦ Possibility of bacterial transmission from the GI tract to the uterus via the bloodstream → early embryonic death (EED), abortion, placentitis
◦ Should recommend consultation with veterinary nutritionist, especially if homemade

39
Q

issues with diets high legume content in pregnant dogs

A

◦ Believed that legumes bind calcium → less useable calcium available
◦ Predisposition to hypocalcemia → during labor or post partum

40
Q

housing during pregnancy (3)

A

◦ Should be kept away from any dogs/puppies with unknown vaccine status
◦ Should be introduced to whelping area 5-7 days prior to due date
◦ Temperature + humidity control

41
Q

vaccine status during pregnancy

A

◦ Should not give vaccines during pregnancy → especially not modified live
◦ Ideally would be vaccinated earlier than 2 weeks prior to breeding

42
Q

deworming during pregnancy

A

◦ Should be dewormed regularly & appropriately for pregnancy

43
Q

exercise during pregnancy

A

◦ Should be moderate
◦ No rough housing, dog sports, etc.

44
Q

drugs during pregnancy (4)

A

◦ Should be avoided as much as possible during pregnancy
◦ If they are necessary, all drugs should be evaluated while taking physiologic changes that occur in the pregnant bitches into account
◦ Generally short periods of time, moderate doses are better
◦ Drugs have been categorized to help determine which are “safer” to use in pregnancy

45
Q

two metabolic diseases during pregnancy

A

◦ Gestational diabetes mellitus
◦ Pregnancy toxemia

46
Q

non infectious causes of pregnancy loss

A

◦ Maternal disease, poor nutrition, drugs, genetic disease, aged oocytes, maternal stress, hypoluteoidism

47
Q

pregnancy loss in the 1st half of pregnancy

A

Early embryonic death → resorptions → 1st half of pregnancy

48
Q

pregnancy loss in the 2nd half of pregnancy

A

Abortions → birth of alive or dead fetus + placenta → 2nd half of pregnancy
◦ Stillbirths
◦ Mummification
◦ Maceration
◦ Fetuses born at this stage cannot survive long outside the uterus

49
Q

gestational diabetes; progesterone, clinical signs, diagnosis

A

-Progesterone → insulin resistance → decreased intracellular glucose uptake → decreased intracellular glucose reserve + increase blood glucose

-Progesterone = inc. growth hormone = insulin antagonist

-Clinical signs = similar to diabetes mellitus in all dogs (PU/PD), polyphagia, weight loss

-Diagnosis = hyperglycemia + glucosuria

50
Q

treatment of gestational diabetes and what happens if its untreated

A

Treatment should be attempted
◦ Insulin – requirement of higher doses is expected
◦ Fluid therapy
◦ Can be challenging

Untreated
◦ Larger puppies → dystocia
◦ Increased neonatal morbidity and mortality (in humans at least)

51
Q

what is pregnancy toxemia associated with and when does it occur

A

Associated with lack of carbohydrates or alteration in carbohydrate metabolism

Occurs in late gestation

52
Q

risk factors of pregnancy toxemia (5)

A

◦ Prolonged anorexia
◦ Inappropriate nutrition
◦ Intake of carbohydrates < what is needed
◦ Increased litter size
◦ Some form of stressor (eg. change in environment, concurrent illness)

53
Q

what risk is elevated in pregnant dogs with pregnancy toxemia

A

Late pregnancy = ability to produce glucose
◦ Decreased/blunted response to hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia risk is elevated
◦ Decreased ability to produce glucose
◦ Increased requirement for glucose → fetal development & growth

Persistent hypoglycemia → insulin secretion suppression → mobilization of fat + release of fatty acids + ketones

54
Q

clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia

A

◦ Anorexia
◦ Depression
◦ Weakness
◦ Ataxia
◦ Collapse, seizures, coma

55
Q

treatment of pregnancy toxemia

A

◦ IV glucose
◦ Correct dehydration, electrolyte
abnormalities
◦ High protein, energy rich diet ad libitum
◦ In some instances, no response to tx → pregnancy termination is required
◦ Pregnancy termination will correct the condition
◦ If mild, could respond to diet change only

56
Q

diagnosis of pregnancy toxemia

A

◦ Hypoglycemia + ketonuria without glucosuria

57
Q

options for fetal monitoring

A

Tocodynamometry (Whelp Wise )
◦ Detects changes in intrauterine & intra-amniotic pressures
◦ Monitors fetal viability & well-being

Ultrasound
◦ Fetal heart rate (FHR) = very good indicator of fetal stress
◦ Prolonged decelerations of FHR = fetal stress
◦ FHRs <180bpm can be associated with fetal stress; <160bpm = severe fetal distress
◦ Transient decrease in FHR during uterine contraction = normal

Radiographs
◦ Idea on fetal size (eg. 1 fetus much smaller than others)
◦ Fetal death can be identified
◦ Presence of air in the uterus or around the fetus, skull bones deformed or overlap each other,
balling of the fetus or hyperextension of the hindlimbs

58
Q

what is the normal fetal HR

A

180-200bpm

59
Q

when does fetal monitoring help

A

Can be done to both monitor a high-risk pregnancy or to help determine to fetal readiness for birth

60
Q

behaviours with pseudopregnancy

A

→ Behavior can be very similar to pregnant bitches
◦ Weight gain, inappetence, nausea
◦ Mammary development, milk production
◦ “Nurse” toy, guard toys → puppy substitute?

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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