Anestrous Flashcards
What is anestrus?
A condition when a female does not exhibit estrous cycles.
What is the status of the ovaries during anestrus?
The ovaries are relatively inactive, with no ovulatory-sized follicles or corpora lutea present.
What are the two types of anestrus that can occur?
True anestrus (due to insufficient GnRH release) and apparent anestrus (due to failure to detect estrus or pregnancy).
How can true anestrus be prevented?
Through improved nutrition, removal of offspring to terminate lactation, or elimination of pathological conditions.
What is one way to eliminate apparent anestrus?
Improved estrus and pregnancy detection.
What are the 6 types of anestrus?
Congenital, nutritional. seasonal, gestational, lactational and pathological
What three things occur with congenital anestrus?
Free martins, ovarian aplasia, ovarian hypoplasia
What is a free martin?
A freemartin is a heifer born twin to bull; approximately
90% are sterile.
What causes freemartins?
Caused by a “chimeric” condition where haematopoetic cells mix in utero between the fetuses resulting in XX and XY cells present in a freemartin.
What are the effect of the factors leading to freemartins?
- Partial expression of testicular determining factor from male Y chromosome inhibits the female gonad.
- Mullerian inhibiting factor from the male cells prevents the Mullerian duct development, and so no uterus forms.
What is ovarian aplasia and how does it occur?
- This is a rare condition when one or both ovaries are absent.
- It appears when the gonadal ridge does not form correctly.
What is the best way to diagnose ovarian aplasia?
Palpation
What is ovarian hypoplasia and what causes it?
- In ovarian hypoplasia, one or both ovaries are smaller than normal.
- Caused by a single autosomal recessive gene.
What species is nutritional anestrus a problem and why?
Nutritional anestrus is the most common problem in beef cows. Producers often try to get by on as little feed as possible to their cows.
What is the best way to assure early return to cyclicity in beef cows?
Feeing pre-partum
What happens when you provide good nutrition ante-partum
the stress of
post-partum lactation produces a shorter duration of
negative energy balance.
What characterizes seasonal anestrus?
Seasonal anestrus is characterized by hypothalamic dormancy with regard to GnRH secretion (as in the
prepubertal female); GnRH pulsatility is low.
What needs to happen in the hypothalamus before the breeding season begins?
Before the breeding season begins, the hypothalamus must be able to release GnRH in sufficient amounts to elicit a response by the anterior pituitary.
Long day breeders vs short day breeders
Long-day breeders - mare, as the day length increases in the spring the mare begins to cycle and during the short days of the winter months, the mare is in anestrus
Short-day breeders - sheep, goats, elk, deer, begin to cycle during the short days of the fall. The duration of the breeding season varies among species and is determined by the duration of pregnancy.
What species dont experience lactational anestrus?
Mare and alpaca