Failure of Pregnancy General

Question 1

three steps in the approach to FOP

Answer 1

1. initial discussions; should we investigate
2. clinical investigation
3. treatment or recommendations

Question 2

what do we have to think about in the initial discussion for FOP? (4)

Answer 2

-is there a public health problem
-is there really a problem
-cost benefit analysis (success rate, sporadic vs outbreak)
-discuss isolation

Question 3

what 6 aspects are included in the clinical investigation of FOP

Answer 3

1. clinical history and interview
2. precautions to prevent zoonotic disease
3. determine common causes
4. examine mother, fetus and placenta
5. diagnostic testing (infectious or not)
6. final diagnosis

Question 4

what is non infectious disease often related to

Answer 4

often management related and requires further investigation

Question 5

five categories of causes of FOP

Answer 5

fetal, placental, maternal, paternal, and infectious vs non-infectious causes

Question 6

what are the 6 stages of pregnancy failure

Answer 6

1. embryonic mortality (conceptus, embryo)
2. abortion (fetus)
3. maceration
4. mummification
5. stillbirth
6. perinatal mortality

Question 7

what is perinatal mortality

Answer 7

death of an animal before, during or shortly after birth

Question 8

what do we usually see with infectious causes of FOP

Answer 8

-usually see EARLY embryonic mortality
-specific pathogens
-non-specific pathogens; PP or post breeding endometritis

Question 9

what do we usually see with non-infectious causes of FOP

Answer 9

-usually see LATE embryonic mortality
-chromosomal abnormalities
-genetic anomalies (living cattle have traits that are heterozygous only)
-twinning
-summer heat/seasonal infertility
-suboptimal progesterone (cow, dog, horse)
-alteration of immune profile

Question 10

what species has the highest % of no diagnosis for cause of FOP

Answer 10

cows and sheep… 60% of cases have no diagnosis

Question 11

three samples to take from an individual dam during the exam

Answer 11

vaginal cytology, vaginal culture, hematology and biochemistry

Question 12

4 aspects of examination of the fetus

Answer 12

-has fetal growth and development been normal
-time of death prior to expulsion
-fetal distress
-dystocia; swelling of head

Question 13

what do you see if time of death is 12 hours prior to expulsion

Answer 13

cloudy cornea

Question 14

what do you see if time of death is 24-36 hours prior to expulsion

Answer 14

bloody fluid in cavities

Question 15

what do you see if time of death is 72 hours prior to expulsion

Answer 15

dehydration begins

Question 16

what do you see if time of death is 144 hours prior to expulsion

Answer 16

mummification

Question 17

three things that contribute to if fetal growth and development was normal

Answer 17

nutrition, placental sufficiency, fetal disease

Question 18

what does meconium staining indicate

Answer 18

fetal stress!!!

Question 19

what is meconium

Answer 19

intestinal contents of a fetus. its cell debris and bile and keratin squames

Question 20

what is a cause of mummification in horses

Answer 20

twinning

Question 21

what is a cause of mummification in cows

Answer 21

pestivirus bovis, P. tauri (BVDV 1 and 2)

Question 22

what is a cause of mummification in cats

Answer 22

torsion of the horn

Question 23

what is a cause of mummification in dogs

Answer 23

varicellovirus canidalpha 1 (canine herpesvirus)

Question 24

what is a cause of mummification in pigs

Answer 24

ungulate protoparvovirus 1 (porcine parvovirus)

Question 25

what does macerate mean

Answer 25

to soften or separate into parts by steeping in a liquid