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Theriogenology > Termination of Pregnancy and Induction of Parturition > Flashcards

Termination of Pregnancy and Induction of Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

what does approach to termination depend on

A

-Some species are CL‐dependent for the whole pregnancy, meaning NO contribution from the placenta

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2
Q

How well does PGF2a work to induce abortion in Cows?

A

highly effective until 150d, and then again after 250d into gestation

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3
Q

Efficiency of pregnancy termination using cortisol ‐ cow

A

doesn’t work before 150d, works well after 250d

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4
Q

what is dexamethasone

A

cortisol

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5
Q

Efficiency of pregnancy termination – Combination ‐ cow

A

when you give dexamethasone and PGF2a together, its fully effective throughout the entire gestation

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6
Q

causes for abortion in mares

A

-Wrong sire
-Unintentional breeding
-Twins
-Problem pregnancy (Hydrops, Prepubic tendon rupture)

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7
Q

how to induce abortion in mare <28d

A

Pinch one vesicle transrectally (twins)

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8
Q

how to induce abortion in mare <35d

A

PGF2α

before cups form and produce eCG

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9
Q

how to induce abortion in mare 35 – 120 days

A

PGF2α – twice daily for 3‐5 days +/‐ manual extraction

(when cups are present)

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10
Q

how to induce abortion in mare > 120 days

A

-PGF2α – twice daily for 3‐5 days, then oxytocin to expel fetus +/‐ assist and extract
-Fetus usually born alive

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11
Q

how to induce abortion in sheep before 50-60d

A

In sheep, one injection of PGF2a is 90% effective in inducing abortion before 50‐60 days; two injections 48 hours apart ‐ is 100% effective

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12
Q

how to induce abortion in sheep after 50-60d

A

After 50‐60 days corticosteroid is somewhat effective – may require
multiple injections and manual dilation/extraction

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13
Q

induction of abortion in goats

A

PGF2a is effective at any stage of pregnancy

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14
Q

induction of abortion in pigs

A

PGF2a is effective at any stage of pregnancy

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15
Q

how many PGF2a injections are recommended for induction of abortion and why

A

-2 PGF2a injections is recommended to ensure complete luteolysis
-Reduced risk of fetal mummification
-Increases success rate

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16
Q

what was the leading cause of abortion in mares before U/S

A

twinning

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17
Q

what is twinning usually due to

A

Usually due to double ovulation

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18
Q

how do you prevent twinning going to term

A

-Routine early diagnosis by ultrasound at

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19
Q

when is it best to pinch a twin?

A

-Best performed at 14‐17 days (before fixation)
-Can still be done up to approx. day 28
-Manual crushing per‐rectum

20
Q

Management of Twin Pregnancy in
Mares (unilateral vs bilateral)

A

-Depends on whether the embryonic vesicles are in the same horn (unilateral) or separate horns (bilateral)
-If unilateral, >85% chance that by day 60 the pregnancy will reduce to a singleton or no pregnancy, on its own (natural reduction)
-If bilateral, highly likely to continue as twins until abortion in late gestation

21
Q

twin reduction in the mare; Day 28 – 55

A

-Ultrasound monitored disruption
-good for bilateral cases

22
Q

twin reduction in the mare; Day 70 – 120

A

Craniocervical dislocation
-Rectally
-Colpotomy (vaginal incision)
-Flank incision

23
Q

twin reduction in the mare; Day 90 – 180

A

Transabdominal ultrasound‐guided
puncture
-Intra‐fetal injection of procaine penicillin
-The later performed, the greater the risk of placental insufficiency and abortion of pregnancy

24
Q

twin pregnancies in cows; why its selected for, what its associated with

A

-Selection for increased milk production = more double ovulations; also higher use of synchronization programs

-Associated with higher embryo/pregnancy losses
-92% of cows dx with singleton will calve vs. 76% of cows dx with twins (as low as 54% in some studies)
-Higher rates of dystocia and postpartum disease
-Risk of Freemartin Syndrome in calves

-Manual rupture of one sac at

25
Q

reasons for induction of parturition (4)

A

-Illness in the dam
-Ensuring assistance at delivery
-High risk pregnancies
-Owner convenience

26
Q

Physiology of parturition in cows (hormones)

A

-Declining progesterone
-Increasing estrogen

27
Q

what is a high risk when you induce parturition

A

-Very high incidence of retained placenta

28
Q

what drugs can you give to induce parturition in cows

A

-Dexamethasone and Prostaglandin combination. Most predictable
-Within 2 weeks of calving
-Calving about 36 hours after administration

-With Dex only = about 43‐52 hrs
-With PGF only = 45‐72 hrs

29
Q

Induction of parturition in ovine

A

-Corticosteroid – 80% lamb in 42 hrs (avg)
-PGF not effective

30
Q

Induction of parturition in caprine

A

-PGF2α >140 days – kidding in 30‐50 hrs

31
Q

Induction of parturition in porcine

A

-PGF2α day 111 + oxytocin 24 hrs later; farrow in ~ 6 hrs

32
Q

Guidelines for Safe Induction in mares (4)

A
  1. Min 330 days gestation
  2. Udder development + colostrum
  3. Relaxation of sacrosciatic ligaments and vulva
  4. Electrolyte analysis of colostrum indicates fetal maturity
33
Q

when does fetal maturation happen in horses

A

last 2 days of gestation

34
Q

how do Electrolyte changes in milk indicate fetal maturity

A

-Increase in Calcium (Ca2+) to >400 ppm, or >200 ppm (10 mmol/ml) on two consecutive days, indicates fetal maturity

-Potassium should be greater than Sodium
-Decrease in Sodium to <35 mmol/ml
-Increase in Potassium to > 80 mmol/ml

35
Q

pH of Mare’s Milk Determines Fetal
Readiness for Birth

A

-Using standard pH strips, milk can be tested to determine fetal readiness

-When pH drops below 6.4 = foaling within 24 hours

36
Q

what should you always avoid when inducing parturition in mares

A

PGF2α
-NOT reliable (remember, no CL’s are present after 120 days in mares)
-NOT recommended

37
Q

what can you use to induce parturition in a mare

A

Oxytocin
-10‐15 IU, IV, repeat every 15‐20 min
-Usually foal within 60 min (after 2nd or 3rd injection)

38
Q

what is another option for inducing parturition last case scenario?

A

Corticosteroids
-Only cross equine placenta if very high doses given repeatedly
-Foal approximately 8 days later
-Appears safe between 315 and 325 days gestation to induce fetal maturation

39
Q

risks of using corticosteroids to induce parturition in mares

A

-Risk of laminitis
-No colostrum
-If used close to term leads to dystocia and fetal death in high %

40
Q

what are mares incredibly sensitive to in late pregnancy

A

-Mares are exquisitely sensitive to oxytocin in late pregnancy even if fetus is not mature
-Potential to induce too early and have a dead foal!!

41
Q

time to baby if you give PGF2α + Dex in cows

A

36h

42
Q

time to baby if you give Dex in ewes

A

42h

43
Q

time to baby if you give PGF2α in does

A

30-50h

44
Q

time to baby if you give PGF2α +
Oxytocin ( in 24hrs) in pigs

A

6h

45
Q

time to baby if you give Low dose Oxytocin in horses

A

<1h

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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