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Theriogenology > Periparturient Conditions > Flashcards

Periparturient Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

normal mothering behaviour (5)

A

-attentiveness
-helping pups nurse
-stimulating urination and defecation
-grooming
-protecting and retrieving pups

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2
Q

three possible causes of abnormal mothering

A

-stress
-pain
-excessive human interference

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3
Q

what is mastitis

A

inflammation of mammary glands

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4
Q

normally, a bitch should have mammary glands that are: (4)

A
  • Non painful
  • Symmetrical
  • Either firm or softer
  • Should be warm; NOT hot or cold
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5
Q

when does mastitis commonly occur /when is it less likely to occur

A

-Commonly occurs post-partum. Usually occurs at 6-10 days post-
whelping or at early weaning

-Less likely to occur in pseudopregnancy or prior to whelping

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6
Q

does mastitis affect every mammary gland

A

Can affect 1 or more glands or 1 or
more sections of a mammary
gland

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7
Q

is mastitis life threatening

A

Can be life threatening and bitch
can be systemically ill

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8
Q

clinical signs of mastitis in early disease process/mild cases

A
  • Mammary may just feel firm, bitch
    may be uncomfortable, but without
    fever
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9
Q

clinical signs of mastitis as condition progresses/moderate-severe cases (5)

A
  • Bitch is febrile
  • Can see hot, painful, hard, discolored mammary gland (red, bruised, black)
  • Milk can look normal, purulent, brown/red to green in color
  • Bitch can appear quite sick → lethargic, not eating, not being a good mom, anxious, painful
  • Can be septic if abscessed or gangrenous
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10
Q

4 diagnostics for mastitis

A

-Bloodwork
o CBC → leukocytosis with left shift
o Can be septic with gangrenous
mastitis

-Cytology of milk sample
o Degenerative neutrophils, bacteria
engulfed by neutrophils,
macrophages

-Culture and sensitivity of
aseptically attained milk sample

+/- Ultrasound of the mammary
gland

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11
Q

treatment for mastitis (8)

A

-Analgesia (Tramadol, Opioids, Anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) but Not recommended (pups))

-Hot packing/cold packing

-Cabbage leaf bandages

-Surgical debridement of necrotic tissue & honey bandages (Abscessed, Gangrenous)

-Antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity

-Fluid therapy if required

-Manual milking

-Need to consider if pups will still be nursing from mom → some drugs are passed through the milk & are toxic to neonates
–> Should not nurse if gangrenous /abscessed
–>Need to consider pup age if removal of pups from mom is necessary

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12
Q

what is agalactia and when is it suspected

A

-Absence of milk in a female that should be lactating

-Suspected if pups are not gaining weight

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13
Q

causes of agalactia (7)

A

-Asynchrony between delivery and milk production (eg. elective csection)
-Inadequate nutrition
-Stress
-Premature whelping
-Mastitis
-Metritis
-Endotoxemia/systemic illness

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14
Q

treatment of agalactia

A

-Need to supplement pups
-Try to treat cause eg. stress
-Dopamine receptor antagonists (Dopamine inhibits prolactin → if we block dopamine → prolactin inc. )

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15
Q

what is galactostasis

A

◦ Excessive accumulation of milk but with lack of milk let down

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16
Q

what is required for lactation

A

prolactin!

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17
Q

what do you expect to see with normal PP discharge (5)

A

-No odor
-Reddish brown to green color
-Present for up to to 3 weeks post partum
-Should decrease gradually with time
-Can have slightly elevated temperature for several days post partum but should not exceed 39C

18
Q

metritis occurs following what

A

◦ Most commonly occurs following a dystocia, retained fetal membranes or fetus, prolonged delivery, contaminated obstetrical manipulations

19
Q

when does metritis usually occur

A

1 week PP

20
Q

what is metritis

A

infection of the uterus (endometrium and myometrium)

21
Q

clinical signs of metritis (7)

A

-Poor mothering
-Lethargy
-Inappetance
-Fever
-Decreased milk production →decreased weight gain in puppies

-Vulvar discharge: thick, creamy to reddish brown & malodorous, sometimes copious

-Can present in shock

22
Q

diagnostics for metritis (5)

A

CBC → leukocytosis with left shift

Ultrasound → uterine dilation; potentially presence of retained fetal membranes or fetal structures?

Radiographs → distended soft tissue
structure in caudal abdomen; presence of retained fetus?

Cytology of fluid → degenerative
neutrophils, engulfed bacteria by
neutrophils, RBCs

Culture & sensitivity of fluid

23
Q

what is the most common pathogen cultured in metritis cases

A

E coli

24
Q

dose of lutalyse

A

0.01 to 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneously
every 12hrs of lutalyse, as needed =
microdosing

25
Q

treatment of metritis (6)

A

-May need to remove pups from mom if bitch is too sick

-Fluid therapy

-Antibiotics (Still need to consider if pups nursing)

-Prostaglandins (Contraindicated if at risk of uterine rupture, Side effects → monitor in clinic. Monitor response to PGF2a → ultrasound examinations)

-Oxytocin likely won’t work

-May need to spay in severe cases (If fetus/fetal parts present, need to be surgically removed)

26
Q

are RFM usually a concern in bitches

A

no

27
Q

preventin of RFM

A

oxytocin in the first 24hr PP

28
Q

what breeds are RFM more common in

A

toy breeds

29
Q

what does green/black discharge for more than 12 hours possibly indicate

A

metritis

30
Q

hypocalcemia is more likely in: (5)

A

-Young bitches (1st litter)
-Large litter
-Small or medium breed
-Bitch fed inappropriate diet during gestation; supplemented with Ca2+
-At 2-4 weeks post-partum → maximum milk production

31
Q

clinical signs of hypocalcemia (14)

A

-Restlessness, anxious behavior (pacing, whining)

-Weakness

-Being a bad mom – not tending to her pups

-Tremors
-Panting
-Staggering
-Facial pruritus
-Dilated pupils
-Change in behavior
-Tachycardia
-Hyperthermia - fever
-Muscle twitching
Hypersalivation
-Collapse → convulsions

32
Q

diagnosis of hypocalcemia

A

◦ History, clinical signs, physical exam
◦ Low ionized calcium
◦ Total calcium can also be low
◦ Check other abnormalities (hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia)
◦ Check acid-base status, protein levels

33
Q

why is it important to treat hypocalcemia quickly

A

Can be life-threatening & is a rapidly progressive disease important to treat quickly!!

34
Q

what form of calcium is being measured in supplements

A

elemental calcium

35
Q

treatment of hypocalcemia

A

Slow IV administration of calcium → improvement is often rapid
~~10% calcium gluconate (0.5-1.5mL/kg) slow IV – monitor for bradycardia/arrhythmias during tx
~~Can follow up with subQ calcium after – diluted 50% saline q6-8hrs until stable

Oral calcium
~~25-50mg/kg/day of elemental calcium – calcium carbonate (eg. Tums; 500mg tums = 200mg of elemental calcium)

+/- remove pups to allow mom to recover & slowly re-introduce if too young to wean

+/- supplement with milk replacer

+/- cool down bitch if very hyperthermic

+/- diazepam if convulsions

36
Q

prevention of hypocalcemia (4)

A

-Feed well-balanced diet; especially with appropriate calcium/phosphate ratio (Avoid diets high in legumes)

-DO NOT SUPPLEMENT WITH CALCIUM DURING PREGNANCY

-Could reoccur with subsequent litters → plan to supplement feeding if necessary

-Start supplementing calcium of next litters during the whelp

37
Q

what is SIPS and when does it occur/should it be considered

A

SIPS = subinvolution of placental sites

◦ Occurs when involution is delayed
◦ Should be considered anytime there’s serosanguineous vaginal discharge > 6 weeks post
partum

38
Q

when does normal uterine involution take place by

A

by 12 weeks PP

39
Q

diagnosis of SIPS

A
  • Vaginal cytology:
  • Trophoblast cells (polynucleated and heavily vacuolated)
  • CBC if bleeding heavily
  • Anemia
  • Ultrasound/radiographs
40
Q

treatment of SIPS

A
  • Usually supportive and resolves on its own
  • If severe → spay

Theriogenology (37 decks)

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