Male Dog Flashcards
categories of the BSE for male dogs
◦ Reproductive + Medical History
◦ General health (allergies, arthritis, heart disease, etc.)
◦ Health clearances
◦ Brachycephalic syndrome
components of semen evaluation (6)
◦ Color, consistency
◦ Motility
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume
◦ Number of sperm
◦ Morphology
PE components for BSE of dogs (5)
◦ General
◦ Scrotum (visual + palpation)
◦ Testes + epididymides + spermatic cord (palpation)
◦ Penis (visual + palpation) – within and outside the prepuce
◦ Prostate (palpation)
fractions of sperm in the dog
◦ 1st: prostatic → flushing out the urethra → urine and debris
◦ 2nd: sperm rich + fluid from epididymis
◦ 3rd: prostatic – lots of volume
how can you calculate the total number of sperm in ejaculate (2)
◦ Concentration
◦ Volume
can you untie a male and female before the erection goes away
no! can cause injury if you try to do that
motility; what its divided into and how to classify them
-Divided into total motility and progressive motility
-Total = % of sperm cells that are moving
-Progressive = of those that are moving, what % of them are moving in a straight line
-Velocity (slow, moderate, fast)
morphology defects you may see
Acrosomal defects, head, mid-piece, tail, proximal droplets, distal droplets & loose/detached heads
cytology; what does it count, scores
Counting non-sperm cells (Inflammatory cells)
Cytology scores (# of cells/ high power field – HPF)
◦ 0 = <1
◦ 1+ = 1-3 cells/hpf
◦ 2+ = 4-6 cells/hpf
◦ 3+ = 7-10 cells/hpf
how to determine morphology of sperm
◦ Need to count a minimum of 100 cells
-Counting the % of normal cells and % of abnormal cells
how long does sperm production take
Takes 60-70 days for sperm production & epididymal transport
what happens when sperm isnt ejaculated
◦ Phagocytosed in the epididymis
◦ Goes into the urine; Can determine if sperm is being produced by a male by looking at the urine
semen storage in the epididymis; how is amount controlled
◦ Epididymis can only hold so much as sperm is constantly being produced
◦ Epididymis produces alkaline phosphatase (ALP) – can be used to determine if there is a blockage in sperm transpor
is a dog has no sperm and high ALP, what kind of problem is that
If have a dog with no sperm (azoospermia) and ALP is high = testicular (production) problem & tubing is intact
what will you see with paraphimosis
-Inability to reduce the penis into the prepuce
-Penis is flaccid
-More common
-Due to sexual arousal, trauma, stricture of orifice, neoplasia, iatrogenic
-Conservative: hyperosmolar solution, lube & replace
-May need surgical tx or amputation
what will you see with priapism
-Persistent erection (>4hrs)
-Look for cause
-Can be idiopathic
-Conservative tx similar to paraphimosis
-Ravage, medications, amputation
is a dog has no sperm and low ALP, what kind of problem is that
If have a dog with no sperm (azoospermia) and ALP is low = suggestive of a tubing problem
what will you see with phimosis
-Inability to protrude the penis from the sheath.
-Can be congenital
-Stricture at preputial opening
-Surgical enlargement of orifice
urethral prolapse; common in what breeds, treatment, how it happens
- More common in Bulldogs, small breeds
- Occurs during erection initially, but
eventually stays prolapsed - Surgery required
- Castrate
clinical signs of transmissible veneral tumor (TVT)
◦ Serosanguineous purulent discharge (intermittent or continuous)
◦ Preputial swelling
◦ Phimosis
◦ Stranguria
◦ Licking
◦ Visibly seeing the tumor – cauliflower type appearance
when and where does TVT occur
-Common in tropical, subtropical regions → rescue dogs in NA
-Usually occurs in younger, sexually mature dogs, free roaming
◦ Can occur in castrated/spayed dogs
diagnosis and treatment of TVT
Grow quickly, locally invasive, low rate of metastasis
Diagnosis:
◦ Exfoliate easily
◦ FNA
◦ Swab for cytology
◦ Impression smear
Treatment:
◦ Vincristine (1x weekly for up to 6 weeks)
◦ Surgically remove with wide margins
what is balanoposthitis
inflammation of the prepuce + penis
how common is balanoposthitis? when is it considered normal? what can you see with it?
-Fairly common
-Mild balanoposthitis = considered normal
-If copious → abnormal
Can see:
* Preputial discharge
* Inflamed/irritated penis
* Lymphoid follicles
what is balanoposthitis associated with? what is the treatment?
Associated with:
◦ Overgrowth of normal preputial flora
◦ Allergic component?
◦ Prostatitis
◦ Penile tumors
◦ Foreign body
Treatment:
◦ Identify cause & treat
◦ Oral antibiotics, probiotics?
◦ Topical ointments
◦ Penile flushes (saline recommended)
what can a male be considered cryptorchid? how commonly does it occur?
-Considered cryptorchid if not descended by 6 months of age
-Fairly common
types of cryptochoridism
Can be inguinal, abdominal or somewhere in between
Retained testis can still produce ____ but NOT ____
testosterone; sperm
diagnosis of cryptorchidism and what is it associated with
Diagnosis:
◦ Palpation
◦ Abdominal ultrasound
Important condition because associated with:
◦ Testicular neoplasia
◦ Testicular torsion
primary testicular neoplasia; what type of dogs is it common in, types, incidence, unilateral vs bilateral
Common in dogs
◦ Usually older
◦ Cryptorchids
Types:
◦ Sertoli cell tumor
◦ Seminoma
◦ Interstitial cell tumor (Leydig cell tumor)
-Incidence roughly 1/3rd for each
-Bilateral involvement is common
-Multiple types can occur concurrently
◦ Mixed neoplasia
sertoli cell tumor; when is it more common, is metastasis common, what syndrome do you see with it
-More common in retained testes
-Paraneoplastic syndrome
-Metastasis; Not common
paraneoplasic syndrome features with sertoli cell tumors
◦ FEMINIZATION
◦ Behavioral change, alopecia (bilateral symmetrical), gynecomastia, hyperpigmentation,
pendulous prepuce, squamous metaplasia of the prostate, attraction to males, decreased libido
Pancytopenia – life threatening
◦ 1st transient increased granulopoiesis with peripheral neutrophilia
◦ Then, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia & non regenerative anemia
◦ Bone marrow replaced by fibrous tissue + fat
leydig/interstitial cell tumor; when is it more common, what can it secrete, does it metastasize, what can it secrete
-More common in descended testes; Rare reports of interstitial cell tumors in cryptorchid testes
Can secrete estrogen or testosterone
◦ Similar clinical signs to SCT if estrogen producing
◦ If hypertestosteronism: Perinal adenomas, perineal hernia, prostatic disease
-Usually diagnosed incidentally unless steroid producing
-Very rare to metastasize
what do interstitial cell tumors look like grossly
- Soft
- Yellow-orange
- Cystic with serous/ serosanguineous fluid
seminoma; occurs in what, what can it produce
-Often occur in retained testes
-Can produce steroids occasionally (estrogens)
-Rarely metastasize
-Carcinoma in situ (CIS)
what does a seminoma look like grossly
- Soft
- Homogenous
- Ivory color
- +/- lobulation
- Smaller but can get large
what is the supportive care of paraneoplastic syndrome
◦ Blood transfusion
◦ Broad spectrum antibiotics (secondary infections)
◦ Fluid therapy
what is the prognosis of sertoli cell tumors and how to prevent it
Prognosis; Unfavorable if severe pancytopenia
-Prevention is key – castrate cryptorchids
other differential dx for scrotal symmetry (6)
◦ Orchitis
◦ Scrotal hernia
◦ Scrotal abscess
◦ Testicular torsion
◦ Epididymitis
◦ Trauma
what do you need to rule out if you suspect orchitis/epididymitis
brucella canis
what is the most common clinical sign of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Serosanguinous fluid dripping for
the penis or blood in semen/urine
what are four conditions of the prostate
◦ Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
◦ Prostatitis
◦ Prostatic cysts
◦ Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
diagnosis and treatment of BPH
Diagnosis:
◦ Often found incidentally
◦ Detection of blood in prostatic fluid of the ejaculate/on tip of penis
◦ Uniform prostatic enlargement by palpation, radiographs, ultrasound
Treatment:
◦ Goal = decrease prostatic size
◦ Castration – works fastest
◦ Medical
◦ Finasteride - works by acting on the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT (5⍺-reductase) – breeding males
◦ Anti-androgens, progestagens
Important to treat as predisposes to other prostatic disease if left untreated
why/how does BPH occur? what population does it occur in? how common? what does it cause?
Prostatic growth & secretion
◦ Occurs in response to testosterone metabolite → dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
BPH = Spontaneous, age-related condition of intact males
Common condition: >80% of intact males >6 age old have BPH
Causes prostate gland enlargement
◦ Prostatic volume in affected dogs is 2-6.5x greater than normal dogs of equal size
details of retention cysts (6)
◦ Occur as BPH progresses
◦ Can be multiple small cysts and/or 1-2 large cysts
◦ Contain serosanguineous fluid
◦ Clinical signs → similar to BPH
◦ Rarely need surgical treatment or
drainage
◦ Can lead to prostatic abscess if left
untreated
details of paraprostatic cysts (3)
◦ Cysts adjacent to prostate
◦ Can get quite large; Clinical signs: dysuria, tenesmus, perineal hernia → space occupying
Treatment
◦ Surgical removal
◦ Drainage via ultrasound guidance
two types of prostatitis
acute and chronic prostatitis
acute prostatitis; how common, type of illness, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment
- Not common
- Severe, acute illness – systemic
involvement ; Neutrophilia
Painful
* Abdominal pain
* Pain on palpation of prostate
* Prostate is enlarged
* Difficulty walking (hunched up)
* Fever
- Culture is important for diagnosis & treatment (From urine)
- Prostatic barrier not intact
- Base antibiotics on sensitivity
- Supportive care as needed
chronic prostatitis; how common, type of illness, clinical signs, cause, treatment
- More common
- Subclinical/low grade disease; Recurring urinary tract disease or
subfertility - 2nd to BPH, urinary disease
- Urethral discharge
- Hemospermia
- Enlarged irregular prostate
- Commonly caused by commensals; E.coli
- Prostatic barrier is intact
- Need to take this into account for antibiotic selection
- Typically do not need supportive care
what happens if you dont treat prostatitis
can lead to prostatic abscess
what type of medications can you NOT use for prostatitis? what should you use instead? length of treatment
DONT USE
-Penicillins
-Cephalosporins
-Aminoglycosides
USE
-Fluoroquinolones
-Trimethoprim/sulfa
-Chloramphenicol
-Doxycycline
minimum 4-6 weeks, recheck often
prostatic neoplasia; how common/in who, metastasis, prognosis
-Uncommon
-More common in neutered males
-Prostatic adenocarcinoma = most common
-Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) = also possible
-HIGH rates of metastasis
-Prognosis is GRAVE
what does it mean if you see dysuria?
- Means it is not BPH
Indicative of something more serious:
* Prostatitis
* Abscess
* Cyst
* Tumo
