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Theriogenology > Conditions of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Conditions of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

fetal vs maternal origin of issues

A

Fetal origin
-Fetal abnormalities
-Fetal death
-Too many

Maternal origin
-Viral infections
-Ascending bacterial infection
-Placental problems
-Uterine issues
-Hormonal causes

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2
Q

Etiology/pathophysiology of fetal mummification (7)

A

-Fetal death and
-Absorption of the fluids
-Fetal retention
-Retention of CL
-Closed (tight) cervix
-No ascending bacterial invasion
-STERILE

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3
Q

Is fetal mummification common in cows?

A

no its sporadic

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of fetal mummification in cows?

A

BVDV infection

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5
Q

What are some factors that may contribute to fetal mummification in mares?

A

Twinning and progesterone (P4) supplementation

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6
Q

What viral infection is associated with fetal mummification in sows?

A

parvovirus

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7
Q

pathogenesis of fetal mummification

A

-Abortion Diseases
-3‐5% rate following PGF2a to induce abortion due to failure of complete luteolysis
-Genetic Factors; Chromosomal abnormalities resulting in fetal death, but CL remains
-In P4 supplementation; mimic the CL so dead fetus stays in uterus

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8
Q

clinical signs of fetal mummification

A

-Not as big as expected for stage
-Lack of udder development
-Ultrasound – fetus and absence of fluid
-Absence of parturition as expected; bc fetus isnt alive to trigger reflex response

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9
Q

Fetal Mummification treatment and prognosis

A

Treatment
-PGF2a to induce luteolysis – cervix will open ‐ expel fetus
-Two doses often required
-Incomplete cervical relaxation can occur (Topical PGE2 may help)

Prognosis
-Good for cow’s future fertility

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10
Q

fetal maceration pathogenesis steps

A

Fetal death –> Relaxation of the cervix –> Bacterial invasion –> Retained CL –> Emphysema in 24‐48hrs (air filled uterus/fetus) –> Maceration by 4 days (“wasting away”)

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11
Q

what is fetal maceration

A

Decomposition of soft tissues and placenta in a septic environment leaving bones

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12
Q

clinical signs of fetal maceration

A

-Thick uterine wall
-Bones
-Bones embedded in wall

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13
Q

clinical signs of Emphysematous fetus

A

-Distended, swollen and crepitus fetus
-Fetid (foul) uterine discharge
-Fever, anorexia, decreased milk production

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14
Q

treatment of Fetal emphysema

A

-PGF2α to induce luteolysis
-Fetal extraction if the cervix is open
-Treat metritis; Systemic antibiotics, anti‐inflammatories, fluid therapy

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15
Q

treatment of Maceration:

A

-Estrogen or topical PGE to dilate cervix
-Manual bone extraction (use lots of lubricant in the uterus)
-Surgical removal
-Poor prognosis for future fertility

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16
Q

difference in incidence in mummification vs maceration

A

sporadic in both

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17
Q

difference in pathogenesis in mummification vs maceration

A

sterile in mummification, septic in maceration

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18
Q

difference in clinical signs in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; Fail to calve; anestrus

Maceration; Fail to calve; anestrus
+/‐Sick animal

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19
Q

difference in fetus in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; Dry
Maceration; Emphysematous;
Maceration

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20
Q

difference in treatment in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; PGF2α
Maceration; PGF2α, Removal of fetus, Removal of bones

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21
Q

difference in prognosis in mummification vs maceration

A

Mummification; good
Maceration; poor

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22
Q

what is a hydropic condition

A

-Excessive accumulation of placental fluids

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23
Q

origin of fluid accumulation

A

-Amniotic
-Allantoic
-Both

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24
Q

what is hydroallantois ? what is it caused by?

A

-Abnormal fluid accumulation in the allantois due to abnormal placentation or a diseased uterus

-Caused by functional or structural changes that lead to excessive fluid production
-Can be associated with decreased numbers of placentomes in cows

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25
Q

Hydroallantois – clinical signs

A

-Rapid abdominal enlargement; Up to 150‐250 Litres
-Round shaped abdomen

Clinical signs depend on severity:
-Anorexia, weakness, reluctance to move, dyspnea, recumbancy

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26
Q

what do you feel on rectal exam when there is hydroallantois

A

-Rectal exam; very large, distended uterus – fetus and placentomes are NOT palpable

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27
Q

what is Hydroamnion

A

-Due to abnormal fetus that cannot swallow or process amniotic fluid, so there is GRADUAL increase in amniotic fluid during last trimester

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28
Q

is hydroamnion common

A

not really

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29
Q

what do you feel on abdominal palpation with hydroamnion

A

Rectal exam ‐ Fetus and placentomes ARE palpable

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30
Q

differences in etiology in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; placental
hydroamnion; fetal

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31
Q

differences in incidence in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; 90%
hydroamnion; 10%

32
Q

differences in clinical signs in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; Rapid, Round, Not palpable, Watery/ clear

hydroamnion; Slow, Pear, Palpable, viscous

33
Q

differences in placenta in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; abnormal
hydroamnion; normal

34
Q

differences in fetus in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; normal
hydroamnion; abnormal

35
Q

differences in prognosis in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; poor
hydroamnion; good (cow)

36
Q

differences in complications in hydroallantois vs hydroamnion

A

hydroallantois; RFM, Metritis
hydroamnion; RFM, Metritis

37
Q

Hydrops in Cows ‐ Treatment considerations

A

-Severity
-Recurrence possible if uterine/placental (hydroallantois)
-Possible genetic causes if fetal
-Euthanasia if severe
-If not severe – induce parturition to
save cow

38
Q

causes of hydrops in the mare

A

-Placentitis
-Fetal abnormality
-Leptospirosis
-Uterine /placental insufficiency
-Twins
-Genetic – recently identified RTL1 gene expression variant (paternal in origin) – leads to decreased #s placental capillaries

39
Q

what to do in case of hydrops in the mare and what to be aware of

A

-Terminate pregnancy to save mare prior to abdominal wall /PPT rupture
-Beware of potential for Acute Shock in mares due to rapid loss of fluids and circulatory volume

40
Q

process of Slow drainage of hydrops in mares

A

-use of a trochar thru cervix; puncture membranes and drain thru tubing
-drainage can take 2-4h
-monitor mares HR for signs of shock
-extract fetus (malposition is common)

41
Q

outcome of hydrops in mare and considerations

A

-Outcome is usually poor as most mares have ruptured the body wall or prepubic tendon as a result of rapid abdominal wall enlargement
-Often don’t know until the edema/swelling goes down weeks later
-No future breeding potential
-If mare survives, consider RTL1 gene as potential cause – do not rebreed to same stallion

42
Q

predisposing causes of Rupture of Prepubic Tendon and/ or Abdominal Wall

A

-Draft mares (here at OVC = STB mares)
-Hydrops
-Twins
-Uterine Torsion
- ? Genetics

43
Q

treatment of Suspected Cases of Abdominal Wall Hernia or
PPT Rupture

A

-If at term and fetus is mature: induce parturition‐ be prepared to assist!

If not:
-Belly wrap
-Pain management
-Restrict exercise
-Monitor Calcium/Na/K/pH of milk
-And induce parturition when fetus
is mature

44
Q

clinical signs of prepubic tendon rupture + diagnosis

A

-Reluctance to walk
-Painful
-Stretched out stance
-Ventral edema
-Blood in milk
-Lordosis
-Udder pulled cranially
-Confirm diagnosis by ultrasound

45
Q

Prognosis for PPT Rupture or Hernias

A

-Poor for future foalings/calvings

-Surgical repair possible but difficult
~~Mesh repair
~~Complications – infection, failure

-Embryo Transfer Donor
-Pasture Pet
-Euthanasia esp. in cases of PPT Rupture

46
Q

why does uterine torsion present so differently in horses vs cows

A

Differences in anatomy (attachment of broad ligaments) plus fetal positioning in mid‐ to late gestation

47
Q

Broad Ligament Anatomy of the cow

A

-Broad ligaments attached caudally
-cervix is mobile

48
Q

Broad Ligament Anatomy of the mare

A

-Broad Ligament attaches dorsally
-cervix isnt mobile

49
Q

where does torsion usually happen in mares

A

Torsion usually happens cranial
to cervix

50
Q

clinical signs of uterine torsion in cows

A

-Late gestation / during parturition
-Dystocia
-Failure to progress at parturition
-Sometimes –dystocia, fetus upside‐down

51
Q

clinical signs of uterine torsion in mares

A

-Mid to late gestation
-Colic signs
~~Intermittent and mild
~~Severe (>270̊ torsion)

52
Q

diagnosis of uterine torsion in cows

A

-Clinical sign – failure to progress during parturition
-Rectal palpation– rotation of uterus and broad ligament
-Vaginal exam – twist in the anterior vagina – cervix is included in torsion

53
Q

diagnosis of uterine torsion in mares

A

-Colic signs but not attributable to GIT
-Rectal examination (broad ligaments crossing and taught)
-Vaginal examination NOT usually helpful

54
Q

treatment options for uterine torsion in cows + risks

A
  1. Detorsion of the fetus per vagina
    -Use in Cows only (typically at term, cervix partially dilated)
    -Per vaginum using detorsion bar and calving chains to “roll” fetus over to de‐torse the uterus

-Risk that cervix will not dilate and fetus dies
-Risk of limb fracture to calf

  1. Roll the cow
  2. C-section (flank laparotomy)
55
Q

Uterine Torsion Treatment of the Mare

A
  1. Surgery
    -Standing flank laparotomy to detorse the uterus (cut on same side toward which the torsion occurs)
  2. Rolling the mare
    -Requires general anesthetic
    -Risk of uterine rupture
56
Q

difference in incidence of uterine torsion in cow vs mare

A

cow; sporadic
mare; sporadic

57
Q

difference in time of uterine torsion in cow vs mare

A

cow; late pregnancy
mare; mid gestation

58
Q

difference in clinical signs of uterine torsion in cow vs mare

A

cow; Twist of broad ligament, Vaginal Exam

mare; Twist of broad ligament, Rectal palpation

59
Q

difference in diagnosis of uterine torsion in cow vs mare

A

cow; 1. Per vagina detorsion, 2. Roll cow, 3. C‐section

mare; 1.Surgery, 2. Post op progesterone, 3. Flunixin

60
Q

difference in treatment of uterine torsion in cow vs mare

A

cow;
mare;

61
Q

most common cause of placentitis in the mare

A

-Most often ascending bacterial
infection via cervix; E. Coli, Strep. zoo

62
Q

causes of placentitis

A

-Bacterial infection
-Simple cervix
-Longitudinal folds
-Poor perineal conformation
-Previous history of placentitis

63
Q

what is placentitis

A

Inflammation and infection of the placenta

64
Q

what would be a hematogenous cause of placentitis in the mare

A

Leptospirosis

65
Q

clinical signs of placentitis in the mare

A

-Vaginal Discharge +/‐
-Premature lactation
-Significance of premature lactation
–>Fetus is stressed!
–>Indicates impending abortion (from any cause)
-NO fever or other systemic signs

66
Q

diagnosis of Ascending Placentitis

A

-Clinical signs
-Transrectal ultrasound exam
-Measure: Combined Thickness of the Uterus and Placenta (CTUP)
-Inflammatory markers
-CBC usually normal

67
Q

what is Nocardioform Placentitis

A

-Bacterial organism Crossiela equi or
Amycolatopsis
-Gram positive branching bacilli
-Amycolatopsis cases have a better live foal rate

68
Q

what does Nocardioform Placentitis cause

A

-Cause thick mucopurulent exudate accumulation
-Characteristic lesions at the base of the horns of the uterus or in the body of the uterus

69
Q

seasonal effect of Nocardioform Placentitis

A

-Hot, dry August and September are
statistically associated with an increased incidence of the disease in the following winter and spring

70
Q

Placentitis Treatment (4)

A
  1. Broad Spectrum Combination of Antibiotics that cross placenta well
    -Penicillin and Gentamicin; or TMS
    -Doxycycline for Nocardioform placentitis
  2. Anti‐inflammatories
    -Flunixin meglumine or Firocoxib or Aspirin
  3. Pentoxifylline
    -Promotes blood flow
    -Reduces inflammatory cytokine production
  4. Progesterone Supplementation
71
Q

prognosis for placentitis

A

-Guarded to Poor
-Foals born alive are often septic

72
Q

etiology of vaginal prolapse (6)

A

-Inherited (conformational factors)
-Pluriparous and fat cows
-Cause is high estrogen of late pregnancy
-Edema of vagina
-Prolapse of swollen tissues of
vaginal floor
-Increased abdominal pressure during recumbency; leads to external prolapse

73
Q

cycle of trauma of vaginal prolapse

A

Cycle of trauma: drying–> necrosis–> more straining–> more prolapsing

Beware!! Frostbite, predators

74
Q

clinical signs of vaginal prolapse; mild vs severe

A

-Mild – slightly prolapsed during recumbency, replacing when cow stands
-Severe – extensive vagino‐cervical prolapse including bladder

75
Q

vaginal prolapse treatment

A

-Clean
-Give Epidural
-Don’t forget to check for Bladder!
-Replace
-Vulvar retention sutures
-Severe Recurrent Cases
~~Cervicopexy
~~Vaginopexy
-Calve her out (open retention sutures before!)
-Cull due to inheritance

76
Q

different ways for Vulvar retention sutures (4)

A
  1. vertical pins and lace
  2. halsted technique
  3. horizontal pins
  4. hog rings and lace

Theriogenology (25 decks)

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