Vascular Plant, Structure, Growth, and Development 2 Flashcards
Monocot
Single cotyledon, veins usually parallel, vascular tissue scattered, fibrous roots, pollen grain w/ one opening, floral organs in multiples of three
Eudicot
Two cotyledons, veins usually netlike, vascular tissue arranged in ring, has a taproot, pollen grain w/ three openings, floral organs in multiples of four or five
Meristems
Embryonic tissue and allow for intermediate growth
Intermediate growth
Shoots can keep growing as long as meristem keeps producing cells and enough resources
Apical meristems
Located tips of roots and shoots and at axillary buds of shoots; responsible for primary growth
Lateral meristems
Vascular cambium and cork cambium; add thickness to woody plants (secondary growth)
Primary growth
Apical meristems enlongate shoots and roots
Secondary growth
Lateral meristems add thickness by adding second layers of secondary xylem and phloem
Vascular cambium
Adds secondary layers of xylem and phlorm
Cork cambium
In stems/trunks; replaces epidermis w/ periderm (thicker/tougher)
Root cap
Protects apical meristem
Zone of cell division
New cells are being made via apical meristem
Zone of enlongation
Cells enlongate after being replicated; start to take on their functions (dermal, ground, or vascular)
Zone of differentiation
Root hairs form, vascular tissue absorbing and maturing, cortex is mature; cells take on function
Stele
Vascular system of a root or a stem
Vascular cylinder
In angiosperms, the stele of a root
Primary growth produces what?
Epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue
Cortex
Region between vascular cylinder and epidermis; forms loose pathway for water and minerals after being absorbed to move to vascular cylinder
Endodermis
Intermost layer of cortex; where water and nutrients have to cross to go into vascular cylinder
Pericycle
First layer of vascular cylinder
What’s exclusive in vascular cylinders of eudicots and monocots?
In eudicots, a cross of xylem is common. In monocots, a core of parenchyma cells are common.
Where do leaves develop from?
Leaf primordia along the sides of apical meristem
Where do axillary buds develop from?
Meristematic cells left at bases of leaf primordia
What is the difference between vascular tissue in eudicot stems and monocot stems?
In eudicots, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring. In monocots, vascular bundles are scattered.
Epidermis
Reduces water loss
Stomata
Opens for CO2 to be absorbed and loses water when open
Guard cells
Regulate opening and closing of stomata through an ionic mechanism
Mesophyll
Ground tissue in a leaf that is soft and is responsible for metabolic functions (doing photosynthesis and moving carbon to phloem)
Veins
Are leaf’s vascular bundles that function as the leaf’s skeleton
Palisade mesophyll
Absorbs light energy and does photosynthesis; on top
Spongy meosphyll
Loose; allows CO2 to reach chloroplasts of internal cells; does photosynthesis; on the bottom
Which plants have secondary growth?
Gymnosperms and many eudicots
Growth ring
Indicates age, filled w/ secondary xylem
