Vascular Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 1 Flashcards
Cell
Fundamental unit of life
Tissue
Group of cells that perform a specialized function
Organ
Group of tissues that carry out particular functions
Difference between below ground and above ground?
Plants take up water and minerals from below ground, while plants take up CO2 and light from above ground
Roots
Multicellular organs that anchor plant, absorb minerals and water and store organic nutrients
Taproot
Present in eudicot or gymnosperms; main root that gives rise to lateral roots
Lateral roots
Branch roots
Adventitious roots
Arise from stems or leaves (above structures)
Fibrous root
Present in seedless and Monocot plants; thin lateral roots w/ no main root
Root hairs
Absorb water and minerals and increase surface area for nutrient uptake
What are the five root modifications?
Prop roots (support top heavy plants), storage roots (like carrots and beets), air roots (provide air to roots like a snorkel), buttress roots (rainforest trees), and strangling roots (figs)
Stem
Organ that supports the plant and help leaves be in a taller position to absorb light
Nodes
Points at which leaves are attached; on stem
Internode
Stem segment between nodes
Axillary bud
Potential to form a lateral shoot or branch; base at petiole
Apical bud
Also called terminal bud; located near shoot tip and causes enlongation of young shoot
Apical dominance
Helps maintain dormancy in most non apical buds
Rhizomes
A stem motification; horizontal stem just below surface w/ leaves attached
Bulbs
A stem modification; vertical underground shoots consisting of enlarged vases of storage leaves w/ no internodes; ex: onion
Stolons
Horizontal shoots along surface (runners); allows asexual reproduction
Tubers
Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for food storage; ex: potatoes
Leaf
Main photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
What do leaves consist of?
Petiole and blade
Blade
Flattened part of the leaf
Petiole
Stalk that joins the leaf to a node of the stem
Simple leaf
Leaf modification; single undivided blade
Compound leaf
Leaf modification; multiple leaflets arising from petiole and no axillary bud at base only on petiole
Doubly compound leaf
Leaf modification; leaflets divided again into smaller leaflets
Tendrils
Leaf modification; provide support; ex: vines
Spines
Leaf modification; provides protection (spikes), reduced surface area, shade; only has photosynthetic stem
Storage leaves
Stores water and food; in hot environments
Reproductive leaves
Leaf modification; adventitious plantlets
Bracts
Leaf modification; surround flowers that attract pollinators
List three tissue types in plants.
Dermal, ground, vascular
Dermal
Protective tissue
Ground
Responsible for photosynthesis, storage and support (metabolic processes); xylem and phloem
Vascular
Fluid movement
Vascular tissue system
Carries out long distance transport of materials between shoots and roofs
Xylem
Carries water and dissolved minerals upwards from roots; has tracheids and vessel elements; dead at maturity
Phloem
Transports organic nutrients from leaves to roots and other developing areas
Tracheids and vessel elements
Water conducting cells that are dead at maturity
Vessels
Vessel elements align end to end forming micro pipes
Pits
Tiny holes that move water from vessel to tracheid
Sieve plates
Porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along sieve tube; each sieve tube has a companion cell
Parenchyma cells
No cell wall; flexible and thin; in cells that are developing (prior to specialization); retain ability to divide and differentiate; perform most metabolic functions; ex: phloem cells, leaf photosynthetic cells, storage tissues
Collenchyma cells
Support young parts of plants; thicker and uneven cell walls; provide flexible support and mechanical support
Schlerenchyma cells
In wood; highly specialized for mechanical rigidity; resistant to bending and cannot grow; dead at maturity; ex: xylem cells
