Phylogeny

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

Evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

Systematics

Answer 2

Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships (using fossil, molecular, and genetic data)

Question 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

Published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances; two features we use today are two part names and hiearchical classification

Question 4

Two-Part name

Answer 4

Panthera pardus

Question 5

Phylogenetic trees

Answer 5

Depict evolutionary relationships via branching

Question 6

Branch point

Answer 6

Represents the divergence of two species

Question 7

Sister taxa

Answer 7

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

Question 8

Basal taxon

Answer 8

A lineage that has no branches that diverted from it

Question 9

How does DNA play a role in phylogeny?

Answer 9

Organisms with similar morphologies or DNA sequences are likely to be more closely related than organisms with different structures or sequences

Question 10

Homology

Answer 10

Similarity due to shared ancestry (sister taxa or same branch)

Question 11

Analogy

Answer 11

Similar to convergent evolution (cactus in America vs similar plant in Africa)

Question 12

Convergent evolution

Answer 12

Similar environment produces similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages

Question 13

Cladistics

Answer 13

Groups organisms by common descent

Question 14

Clade

Answer 14

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 15

Monophyleyic clade

Answer 15

Consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants (valid)

Question 16

Paraphyletic clade

Answer 16

Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants (less)

Question 17

Polyphyletic clade

Answer 17

Includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor (more than necessary)

Question 18

Shared ancestral character

Answer 18

A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon (comparing to a singular group)

Question 19

Shared derived character

Answer 19

An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade (a group comparison)

Question 20

What is an example of a shared ancestral character?

Answer 20

Hinged jaws are a shared ancestral character for leopards

Question 21

What is an example of a shared derived character?

Answer 21

Hinged jaws are a shared derived character for salamander, turtle, and leopard

Question 22

A character can be both ancestral and derived, depending on context? T or F?

Answer 22

T

Question 23

Outgroup

Answer 23

A species or group of species closely related to ingroup, the various species being studied; ingroup is compared w/ outgroup to differentiate between shared derived and shared ancestral characteristics

Question 24

Ingroup

Answer 24

Various species being studied

Question 25

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 25

Movement of genes from one genome to another (between organisms in different domains

Question 26

Example of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 26

Eukaryotic cell absorbs prokaryotic cyanobacterium and that prokaryotic cell has its own DNA and can act on its own. They are then passed down to other eukaryotic cells are reproduction. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are examples of this.

Question 27

This West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) is an aquatic animal. Like amphibians and reptiles, mammals are tetrapods (vertebrates with four limbs). Predict why manatees are considered tetrapods even though they lack hind limbs, and suggest traits with manatees likely share with leopards and other mammals.

Answer 27

They are considered tetrapods despite lacking hind limbs because their common ancestor were belonging to the family of tetrapod; they likely share jaws and skeletal structure (homologous traits)

Question 28

What is the hierarchy of taxonomic groups?

Answer 28

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species