Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

Unicellular (bacteria or archaea) cells that are built to last and evolve quickly

Question 2

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 2

Prokaryotes are smaller, have no membrane bound organelles, membrane is infolded, DNA is free flowing (not bound), small genome, very ancient

Question 3

Infolded membrane

Answer 3

Creates space to separate cellular components

Question 4

Cocci shape

Answer 4

Spherical

Question 5

Bacilli shape

Answer 5

Rods

Question 6

Spiral shape

Answer 6

Spiral

Question 7

Peptidoglycan

Answer 7

Exclusive to bacterial cell walls; a network of sugar polymers cross linked by polypeptides

Question 8

Fimbriae

Answer 8

Helps prokaryotes stick to each other to form colonies or to adhere to things

Question 9

Flagella in prokaryotes

Answer 9

For movement; analogous w/ eukaryotes

Question 10

Sex pilus

Answer 10

A type of fimbriae that serves as a mating bridge for DNA transfer

Question 11

Taxis

Answer 11

Ability to move toward or away from a certain stimuli

Question 12

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes when it comes to reproduction and adaption?

Answer 12

Prokaryotes reproduce quickly and can divide every 1-3 hrs, have short generation times, and have more mutations

Question 13

Three factors for genetic diversity in prokaryotes

Answer 13

Rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination

Question 14

Three types of genetic recombination

Answer 14

Transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Question 15

Transformation

Answer 15

A prokaryotic cell takes up a random piece of DNA and incorporates it into it

Question 16

Transduction

Answer 16

Movements of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages; viruses infecting bacteria and mixing it’s DNA with it

Question 17

Conjugation

Answer 17

When genetic material is transferred via a sex pilus

Question 18

Phototrophs

Answer 18

Organisms that get energy from light

Question 19

Chemotrophs

Answer 19

Organisms that obtain energy from chemicals

Question 20

Autotrophs

Answer 20

Organisms that require breaking down CO2 to form organic compounds

Question 21

Heterotrophs

Answer 21

Organism that require nutrients to form organic compounds

Question 22

Heterocytes

Answer 22

Photosynthetic cells and nitrogen fixing cells that exchange metabolic products; symbiosis between these two cells

Question 23

Biofilms

Answer 23

Surface coating colonies held together by fimbriae

Question 24

Symbiosis

Answer 24

An ecological relationship which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont

Question 25

Mutualism

Answer 25

Both host and symbiont benefit

Question 26

Commensalism

Answer 26

One organism benefits while the other is neither harmed or helped

Question 27

Parasitism

Answer 27

An organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host

Question 28

Pathogens

Answer 28

Parasites that cause disease

Question 29

Exotoxins

Answer 29

Cause disease even when the prokaryotes that produced them are gone

Question 30

Endotoxins

Answer 30

Released when the bacteria dies and their cell wall breaks down

Question 31

You’re inspecting organisms in a droplet of water and see a single-celled organism that has a flagellum, but seems to be moving pretty slow compared to the other organisms around it. On further inspection, you find that there are only proteins in the single-celled organisms’ cell walls. What type of organism do you think it is?

Answer 31

Archae (single celled organism + no peptidoglycan)

Question 32

What do archaea have and lack?

Answer 32

They have polysaccharides and proteins but no peptidoglycan

Question 33

What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?

Answer 33

Their source of carbon