Circulatory Systems

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

Molecular movement caused by thermal energy and it moves in Brownian motion (random)

Question 2

When is diffusion used for and when is it slow?

Answer 2

It is used for when the cell distance is only 1-2 cells thick. It is slow when there is multiple cells as the cells in the back do not receive oxygen fast enough and die.

Question 3

What does a circulatory system do?

Answer 3

Allow for bigger animals to get oxygen; speeds up transport of ions and molecules

Question 4

Gastrovascular cavities

Answer 4

In Cnidaria and platyhelminthes; place many cells in contact w/ environment; acts as a stomach (eats and does digestion)

Question 5

What are the two circulatory systems?

Answer 5

Open and closed

Question 6

Open circulatory system

Answer 6

In arthropods and molluscs (except cephalopods); contains hemolymph; does not form a complete circuit and not connected w/ respiratory system; blood flows in body and gets pumped back to heart due to contraction of heart and movement of animal

Question 7

Hemolymph

Answer 7

Blood mixed w/ interstitial fluid

Question 8

Closed circulatory system

Answer 8

In earthworm and us; all vessels form one complete closed network that all blood travels through; blood does not leave vessels unless injury

Question 9

Water vascular system

Answer 9

In echinoderms; hydraulic system functions in locomotion, respiration, food and waste transportation; uses sea water instead of blood or hemolymph

Question 10

What does the circulatory system move?

Answer 10

Oxygen, sugars, hormones, antibodies, waste (CO2 and urea), and pathogens

Question 11

Blood

Answer 11

Connective tissue made of cells, platelets, and plasma

Question 12

How much plasma, leukocytes and platelets, and erythrocytes are in blood?

Answer 12

Plasma: 55%

Leukocytes and platelets: <1%

Erythrocytes: 45%

Question 13

Erythrocytes

Answer 13

Red blood cells that contain hemoglobin; mammalian red blood cells have no nucleus which makes room for hemoglobin but they also die faster; disk-like and concave

Question 14

Hemoglobin

Answer 14

Contains iron to carry oxygen in erythrocytes

Question 15

Leukocytes

Answer 15

White blood cells that defend against pathogens; have a nucleus

Question 16

Platelets

Answer 16

Cell fragments of old red blood cells; form clots (for injury)

Question 17

Plasma

Answer 17

Fluid that is 95% water and contains ions, glucose, hormones, and proteins

Question 18

What are the 3 types of vessels that transports blood?

Answer 18

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

Question 19

Arteries

Answer 19

Take blood away from heart; thin diameter w/ a ring of a thick layer of smooth muscle allows it to change diameter and blood pressure; pumps blood at a high pressure due to it being from heart; small diameter=fast

Question 20

Veins

Answer 20

Bring blood towards the heart; blood moves slow; has valves to prevent backflow

Question 21

Capillaries

Answer 21

Site of gas/solute exchange

Question 22

What are the three types of hearts?

Answer 22

Two chamber, three chamber, and four chamber

Question 23

Two chambered heart

Answer 23

Primitive and one circuit allowing for single circulation; in fish; blood -> lungs -> body

Question 24

Three chambered heart

Answer 24

In amphibians; allows for double circulation; 1 ventricle

Question 25

Four chambered heart

Answer 25

In mammals and archosauria; allows for double circulation; two ventricles

Question 26

What is the difference between single circulation and double circulation?

Answer 26

Having a dedicated body for systemic circuit and respiratory (pulmonary) circuit allows greater oxygen absorption and delivery

Question 27

What kind of heart do crocodiles have?

Answer 27

They have a 4 chambered heart that has a foramen of Panizza which allows it to act like both a 4 chambered and 3 chambered heart. This allows for crocodiles and other reptiles to dive for over long periods of time and have special hemoglobin oxygen release systems.

Question 28

Foramen of Panizza

Answer 28

Allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit; functionally connects the two vent field; opens=3 chambers, closes=4 chambers

Question 29

Special hemoglobin oxygen release system

Answer 29

Only releases oxygen from hemoglobin when needed; in crcodiles

Question 30

Valves

Answer 30

Prevent back flow; include: Semilunar valves, Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves (atrioventricular valves)

Question 31

Difference between semilunar and atrioventricular?

Answer 31

Atrioventricular valves are between atrium and ventricle while semilunar valves are from ventricles to outside of heart.

Question 32

Left atrium

Answer 32

Where oxygenated blood enters; top

Question 33

Right atrium

Answer 33

Where deoxygenated blood enters; top

Question 34

Ventricles

Answer 34

Does the pumping; bottom

Question 35

Sinoatrial node

Answer 35

Pacemaker-triggers each heartbeat; is a cardiac muscle, can respond to adrenaline=make heart pump faster

Question 36

What is the order of signal from the SA node?

Answer 36

SA node -> delay at AV node -> bundle branches to heart apex -> Purkinje fibers and spreads throughout ventricles causing contraction