Reproduction

Question 1

All Metazoans reproduce asexually? T or F?

Answer 1

False, they reproduce sexually

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

Requires meiosis and gamete fusion; daughter cells form unique gametes; meiosis produces haploid while gamete fusion produces diploid

Question 3

Ansiogamy

Answer 3

Different sized gametes; common in animals and plants

Question 4

Isogamy

Answer 4

Same sized gametes; common in protists

Question 5

Asexual reproduction

Answer 5

Doesn’t need sex; involves mitosis creating identical daughter cells; ancestral for all eukaryotes; no need for another individual’s gametes

Question 6

What are the three ways for asexual reproduction?

Answer 6

Budding, fragmentation, and fission

Question 7

Budding

Answer 7

Growing a new organism directly from original organism; deliberate and plant-like; produces exact same; Ex: hydra

Question 8

Fragmentation

Answer 8

When cut off it produces another organism; accidental; Ex: sea star

Question 9

Fission

Answer 9

Similar to budding; splits in half; planned Ex: coral polyps

Question 10

Why did sexual reproduction evolve?

Answer 10

Genetic recombination allowed for increased genetic diversity as well as compensation for bad mutations.

Question 11

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

Answer 11

Asexual: faster, no partner needed, mitosis based, highly effective in stable environments, passes on whole genome

Sexual: slower, needs a partner (unless it is a hermaphroditic), meiosis based, high genetic diversity aids local adaption, passes on half of genome

Question 12

Hermaphrodites

Answer 12

Have male and female gametes; has two types: simultaneous hermaphrodites and sequential hermaphrodites

Question 13

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

Answer 13

Have testes and ovaries at the same time; always producing games of both genders; might self-fertilize for preservation; Ex: killifish and banana slug

Question 14

Sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 14

Starts as one sex then transitions due to social cues; Ex: clownfish and Catalina goby

Question 15

External fertilization

Answer 15

Needs water; releases gametes in environment for them to meet each other; also called spawning; Ex: fish and amphibians

Question 16

Internal fertilization

Answer 16

Gametes meet inside an animal; Ex: salamanders, insects and birds

Question 17

Salamander example for internal fertilization.

Answer 17

Male salamander leaves a spermatophore (sperm) for female to pick up and take in for fertilization

Question 18

Sexual conflict

Answer 18

Some females do not want to fertilize w/ males; sometimes vaginas do not fit w/ penis making it unable to reproduce; Ex: swans, geese and ducks

Question 19

Spermatheca

Answer 19

Only in animals that do internal fertilization; females store sperm in these structures; Ex: chicken and fruit fly

Question 20

What are benefits of sperm storage?

Answer 20

Control time of fertilization/delaying it, sperm selection, if male is infertile

Question 21

What is the order of development in stages?

Answer 21

Fertilization (fertilization -> cleavage), Morphogenesis (Blastulation -> Gastrulation -> Organogensis), Growth

Question 22

Blastulation

Answer 22

Forming germ layers (diplomas tic and triploblastic)

Question 23

Gastrulation

Answer 23

Forming digestive tract (protostome or deuterostome)

Question 24

Organogenesis

Answer 24

Cells differentiate into organs

Question 25

Examples of parental care.

Answer 25

Guarding eggs, providing shelter/food, long term bonds help enhance offspring survival