Origin And Evolution Of Animals Flashcards
Metazoa
“Later animals”; shared derived traits include heterotrophic, sexual reproduction, multicellular, and movement
Chanoflagellates
Not animals but have similar traits; protists; aggregate into colonies
Poriferans
Simplest animals; cells not organized into tissues and move briefly in life cycle but mostly sessile; asymmetrical; filter feed using chanocytes
Choanocyte
Filter feed
Amoebocyte
Part of a sponge; freely move throughout the sponge body and performs any task; can also divide into other things
What are two things that make a sponge?
Choanocyte and Amoebocyte
What are the three major body plans?
No symmetry, radial symmetry, and bilateral symmetry
Radial symmetry
Same thing on every direction/side
Bilateral symmetry
Cut in half -> same layout on either side (mirror)
Do sponges have tissues?
No, but other animals (eumetazoans) have tissues
What are the four tissues?
Nervous, epithelial, connective, and muscle
Cnidaria
Coral, jellyfish, and sea amenity; use tissue to coordinate movement; radial symmetry; carnivorous, presence of diploblastic embryo, two forms: sessile polyp and motile medusa
Diploblastic embryo
Two germ layers
Sessile polyp
Non-moving, tentacles on top; Ex: coral
Motile Medusa
Moving; tentacles on the bottom; Ex: jellyfish
Lophotrochoza
Annelids, molluscs, platyhelminths; protocols development; has two larvae stages: lophophore and trochophore; larvae stages have cilia or gills for movement and filter feeding
Triploblastic embryos
Have three germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Gastrulation
Cells dive or die to create a hole/gastrule
Gastrule
Infolding into embryo/a hole
Endoderm
Inside layer of embryo; later forms the gastrointestinal tract
Ectoderm
Outside layer of embryo; later forms skin, muscle, and nervous tissue
Protosomes
Mouth developing first organisms; in eight cell stage it is spiral and determinate
Determinate
Once embryo starts to develop cells cannot change even when cut (determined fate)
Deuterostomes
Mouth developing second organisms; evolved from protostomes; in its eight cell stage embryo is radial and indeterminate
Indeterminate
Cells can change; Ex: if cells cut in half, some cells go out and form ectoderm and others stay in and form endoderm, can also get twins
Platyhelminths
Flatworms; flat body; no complex body systems; 1-2 cells thick; no body cavity, bilateral symmetry, gastrovascular cavity/no digestive tract
Molluscs
Gastropods and cephalopods; bilateral symmetry, hemocoel; three main body parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle
Gastropods
Part of molluscs; w/ shells; complex body systems; Ex: snails
Cephalopods
Shell-less molluscs and predatory molluscs; same body arrangement as other molluscs; highly intelligent; it’s structures: mantle, visceral mass, and foot; Ex: octopus, squid
Nautilus
Ancient molluscs; squid and octopus evolved from this
Annelids
Segmented worms; complex body systems; coelom and bilateral symmetry; Ex: leech, tube worm, bristle worm
Ecdysoza
Animals that have to molt or go through ecdysis; include arthropods, hexapoda, and nematoda
Molting
Also called ecdysis; shedding exterior part of the body to grow
Arthropods
Most speciose animal group; includes chelicerates, myriapods, and crustaceans; hemocoel and reduced coelom, segmented body w/ joined appendages and exoskeleton, bilateral symmetry
Chelicerates
Extra arms to manipulate foods; Ex: spiders and scorpions
Myriapods
Arthropods w/ many feed; Ex: centipede
Crustaceans
Crabs
Hexapoda
Have six feet; insects; segmented exoskeleton; complex body systems; molt and go through metamorphosis; Ex; butterfly
Nematoda
Roundworms; hemocoel, no circulator system, bilateral symmetry Ex: C. elegans
Deuterostomia
Mouths develop second; organs, dueterostome development, coelom; bilateral symmetry enables rapid locomotion; Ex: cheetah?
Echinoderms
Are deuterostomia; re-evolved radial symmetry (juveniles have bilateral while adult has radial); water vascular system, coelom, endo skeleton ; Ex: sea star, feather star, sea cucumber
What trait is not a shared derived trait of lophotrochozoa?
Ecdysis