Origin And Evolution Of Vertebrates II

Question 1

Amniota

Answer 1

After amphibia; lay amniote eggs; include reptilian and mammalia; either diapsid or synapsid; leathery eggs

Question 2

Amniotic egg

Answer 2

Permits fully terrestrial life; cannot be out in water or it drowns embryo; contains: chorion, allantois, amnion, yolk sac, and albumen (egg whites)

Question 3

Chorion

Answer 3

Waste sac

Question 4

Allantois

Answer 4

Facilitates gas exchange in and out the egg; O2 in and CO2 out

Question 5

Amnion

Answer 5

A sac that acts as a replacement for the oceans’s “stable environment”; also a shock absorber

Question 6

Yolk sac

Answer 6

Supplies energy and nutrients to the embryo

Question 7

What happens as the embryo grows?

Answer 7

Yolk sac decreases and chorion increases

Question 8

Difference between vertebrates and arthropods?

Answer 8

Anthropoids are terrestrial animals that do not need amniotic eggs

Question 9

Testudines

Answer 9

Anapsid but still considered a diapsid; turtles and tortoises; adapted for defense; has a carapace and plastron

Question 10

Anapsid

Answer 10

W/o a temporal fenestrae

Question 11

Reason for why turtles/tortoises are Anapsid.

Answer 11

They are adapted for defense.

Question 12

Carapace

Answer 12

Top of shell; developed from ribs

Question 13

Plastron

Answer 13

Bottom of shell; protects underbelly; came before the carapace

Question 14

Lepidosauria

Answer 14

Are diapsids; have overlapping scales, speaking gait-swing arms side to side to move; Ex: tuataras and squamata

Question 15

Squamata

Answer 15

Lizards and snakes

Question 16

Tuataras

Answer 16

Not lizards; in New Zealand

Question 17

Archosauria

Answer 17

Are diapsids; have deep teeth sockets; upright gait-walks w/ arms and legs underneath them; Ex: crocodilians, dinosaurs, and aves

Question 18

Aves (birds)

Answer 18

Part of the archosauria; some can fly some cannot; have no teeth, flow through repiration through holes in bones, light weight skeleton, asymmetrical feathers; some have lost the ability to fly

Question 19

What are similarities between crocodilians and aves?

Answer 19

They both belong to the archosauria group. They have 4 chamber hearts. Have same characteristics: parental care, complex behaviors, sociality

Question 20

Mammalia

Answer 20

Are synapsids; have lactation and fur; are heterodonty

Question 21

Heterodonty

Answer 21

Different teeth; present in all mammals; able to eat anything?

Question 22

Homodonty

Answer 22

Same teeth; present in lizards and other animals

Question 23

Monotremes

Answer 23

Egg laying mammals; cloaca; electro sensitive bills; Ex: platypus and echidna

Question 24

Cloaca

Answer 24

One opening for digestive tract; live reptiles and birds; present in monotremes

Question 25

Marsupials

Answer 25

Pouched mammals; only in Australia; give birth quickly; Ex: kangaroo

Question 26

Eutherians

Answer 26

Placental mammals; we are this; develops placenta to feed baby; Ex: elephant and orca

Question 27

Similarity between marsupials and eutherians.

Answer 27

The amniotic egg develops internally through gestation

Question 28

Primates

Answer 28

Monkeys and us; ball and socket shoulder-allow swinging, plantigrade feet-move on heels, opposable thumb; tool use developed later

Question 29

Hominids

Answer 29

Us; able to walk w/ two legs; upright stance; Ex: Australopithecus, H. Erectus, H. Heidelbergensis, H. Neanderthalensis, H. Sapiens

Question 30

Neoteny

Answer 30

Species retains juvenile traits from ancestor; Humans look more like juvenile bonobo vs. adult bonobo

Question 31

Diapsid

Answer 31

Two temporal fenestrae openings; Includes: Turtles, Archosauria, Lepidosauria

Question 32

Synapsid

Answer 32

One temporal fenestrae opening; Includes: mammals

Question 33

Heterodonty is a shared, derived trait for which animal class?

Lepidosauria
Hominids
Diapsids
Mammalia

Answer 33

Mammalia