Origin And Evolution Of Vertebrates II Flashcards
Amniota
After amphibia; lay amniote eggs; include reptilian and mammalia; either diapsid or synapsid; leathery eggs
Amniotic egg
Permits fully terrestrial life; cannot be out in water or it drowns embryo; contains: chorion, allantois, amnion, yolk sac, and albumen (egg whites)
Chorion
Waste sac
Allantois
Facilitates gas exchange in and out the egg; O2 in and CO2 out
Amnion
A sac that acts as a replacement for the oceans’s “stable environment”; also a shock absorber
Yolk sac
Supplies energy and nutrients to the embryo
What happens as the embryo grows?
Yolk sac decreases and chorion increases
Difference between vertebrates and arthropods?
Anthropoids are terrestrial animals that do not need amniotic eggs
Testudines
Anapsid but still considered a diapsid; turtles and tortoises; adapted for defense; has a carapace and plastron
Anapsid
W/o a temporal fenestrae
Reason for why turtles/tortoises are Anapsid.
They are adapted for defense.
Carapace
Top of shell; developed from ribs
Plastron
Bottom of shell; protects underbelly; came before the carapace
Lepidosauria
Are diapsids; have overlapping scales, speaking gait-swing arms side to side to move; Ex: tuataras and squamata
Squamata
Lizards and snakes
Tuataras
Not lizards; in New Zealand
Archosauria
Are diapsids; have deep teeth sockets; upright gait-walks w/ arms and legs underneath them; Ex: crocodilians, dinosaurs, and aves
Aves (birds)
Part of the archosauria; some can fly some cannot; have no teeth, flow through repiration through holes in bones, light weight skeleton, asymmetrical feathers; some have lost the ability to fly
What are similarities between crocodilians and aves?
They both belong to the archosauria group. They have 4 chamber hearts. Have same characteristics: parental care, complex behaviors, sociality
Mammalia
Are synapsids; have lactation and fur; are heterodonty
Heterodonty
Different teeth; present in all mammals; able to eat anything?
Homodonty
Same teeth; present in lizards and other animals
Monotremes
Egg laying mammals; cloaca; electro sensitive bills; Ex: platypus and echidna
Cloaca
One opening for digestive tract; live reptiles and birds; present in monotremes
Marsupials
Pouched mammals; only in Australia; give birth quickly; Ex: kangaroo
Eutherians
Placental mammals; we are this; develops placenta to feed baby; Ex: elephant and orca
Similarity between marsupials and eutherians.
The amniotic egg develops internally through gestation
Primates
Monkeys and us; ball and socket shoulder-allow swinging, plantigrade feet-move on heels, opposable thumb; tool use developed later
Hominids
Us; able to walk w/ two legs; upright stance; Ex: Australopithecus, H. Erectus, H. Heidelbergensis, H. Neanderthalensis, H. Sapiens
Neoteny
Species retains juvenile traits from ancestor; Humans look more like juvenile bonobo vs. adult bonobo
Diapsid
Two temporal fenestrae openings; Includes: Turtles, Archosauria, Lepidosauria
Synapsid
One temporal fenestrae opening; Includes: mammals
Heterodonty is a shared, derived trait for which animal class?
Lepidosauria
Hominids
Diapsids
Mammalia
Mammalia
