Vaccines 3 Flashcards
Why is adjuvant added to antigen?
The compound is added to the antigen to make it more immunogenic
What does the adjuvant create?
Creates a depot effect (retains antigen at site)
What does the adjuvant promote?
Promotes uptake of the antigen (phagocytosis)
What does the adjuvant activate?
Activates innate immunity (co-stimulation)
What is the oldest component of the vaccine?
Adjuvant
What 5 things does the adjuvant compound usually consist of?
- Oils
- Metal salts (alum)
- Microbial cell wall components
- Nucleic acids
- Preservative (mercury)
What does alum do?
REALLY irritating
Phagosome tries to eat it, but it can’t
Increases innate immune cells
What type of specificity do adjuvants have?
Target independent (for any vaccine)
What 3 things does the route and does control?
- How the immune system “sees”
- Magnitude of response
- Generation of immunological memory
Systemic immunity
How is it delivered?
How does it work?
Subcutaneous and intramuscular
Slow absorption, transport to local lymph nodes
Mucosal immunity
How is it delivered?
How does it work?
Intranasal or oral
Rapid absorption, involvement of mucosal lymphoid tissues
How can we indue a strong T-cell memory
Using appropriate prime-boost strategies
Oils/Emulsions
Depot effect
Alum
Ag retention, Phagocyte activation
Microbial products
Activate Leukocytes
Nucleic Acids
Activate Leukocytes
Free antigen is taken up by
Macrophages
DC
B-cells
MHC 1
present antigens to cytotoxic T-cells w/ CD8+ receptors (killer)
MHC 2
present antigens to helper t-cells w/ CD4+ receptors
What is antigen presented on the surface of?
DC
What two things do the CD8+ T-cells do?
- Proliferate and egress out of LN to clear pathogen
2. Some differentiate into memory cells
What three things do the CD4+ cells do?
- Provide cytokines to support CD8+ expansion
- ” “ B-cell expansion
- Differentiate into memory cells
List 2/5 things happening in the germinal center
- Massive B-cell Proliferation
2. Mutation of the Antibody genes
List the other 3 things happening in the germinal center
- Selection of cells producing high affinity antibodies
- Isotype class switching
- IgM producing cells switch to produce IgG, IgA
What is another name for herd immunity?
Halo effect
How can vaccines protect those that have not been vaccinated?
If the % of the pop. vaccinated is high enough, is reduces the likelihood that an unimmunized person will come into contact with an infected person
How can we create the odds of bumping into an infected person low?
Herd immunity
Halo effect
What % do we need to vaccinate to achieve herd immunity?
It depends on the transmissibility of the pathogen
Is a vaccine 100% safe?
No
What are some adverse reactions of a vaccine?
Inflammation at the site, mild disease like symptoms, fever, irritability, lethargy
What are potentially life-threatening reactions for vaccines?
Anaphylactic shock
