Vaccines 3

Question 1

Why is adjuvant added to antigen?

Answer 1

The compound is added to the antigen to make it more immunogenic

Question 2

What does the adjuvant create?

Answer 2

Creates a depot effect (retains antigen at site)

Question 3

What does the adjuvant promote?

Answer 3

Promotes uptake of the antigen (phagocytosis)

Question 4

What does the adjuvant activate?

Answer 4

Activates innate immunity (co-stimulation)

Question 5

What is the oldest component of the vaccine?

Answer 5

Adjuvant

Question 6

What 5 things does the adjuvant compound usually consist of?

Answer 6

1. Oils
2. Metal salts (alum)
3. Microbial cell wall components
4. Nucleic acids
5. Preservative (mercury)

Question 7

What does alum do?

Answer 7

REALLY irritating
Phagosome tries to eat it, but it can’t
Increases innate immune cells

Question 8

What type of specificity do adjuvants have?

Answer 8

Target independent (for any vaccine)

Question 9

What 3 things does the route and does control?

Answer 9

1. How the immune system “sees”
2. Magnitude of response
3. Generation of immunological memory

Question 10

Systemic immunity
How is it delivered?
How does it work?

Answer 10

Subcutaneous and intramuscular

Slow absorption, transport to local lymph nodes

Question 11

Mucosal immunity
How is it delivered?
How does it work?

Answer 11

Intranasal or oral

Rapid absorption, involvement of mucosal lymphoid tissues

Question 12

How can we indue a strong T-cell memory

Answer 12

Using appropriate prime-boost strategies

Question 13

Oils/Emulsions

Answer 13

Depot effect

Question 14

Alum

Answer 14

Ag retention, Phagocyte activation

Question 15

Microbial products

Answer 15

Activate Leukocytes

Question 16

Nucleic Acids

Answer 16

Activate Leukocytes

Question 17

Free antigen is taken up by

Answer 17

Macrophages
DC
B-cells

Question 18

MHC 1

Answer 18

present antigens to cytotoxic T-cells w/ CD8+ receptors (killer)

Question 19

MHC 2

Answer 19

present antigens to helper t-cells w/ CD4+ receptors

Question 20

What is antigen presented on the surface of?

Answer 20

DC

Question 21

What two things do the CD8+ T-cells do?

Answer 21

1. Proliferate and egress out of LN to clear pathogen

2. Some differentiate into memory cells

Question 22

What three things do the CD4+ cells do?

Answer 22

1. Provide cytokines to support CD8+ expansion
2. ” “ B-cell expansion
3. Differentiate into memory cells

Question 23

List 2/5 things happening in the germinal center

Answer 23

1. Massive B-cell Proliferation

2. Mutation of the Antibody genes

Question 24

List the other 3 things happening in the germinal center

Answer 24

3. Selection of cells producing high affinity antibodies
4. Isotype class switching
5. IgM producing cells switch to produce IgG, IgA

Question 25

What is another name for herd immunity?

Answer 25

Halo effect

Question 26

How can vaccines protect those that have not been vaccinated?

Answer 26

If the % of the pop. vaccinated is high enough, is reduces the likelihood that an unimmunized person will come into contact with an infected person

Question 27

How can we create the odds of bumping into an infected person low?

Answer 27

Herd immunity | Halo effect

Question 28

What % do we need to vaccinate to achieve herd immunity?

Answer 28

It depends on the transmissibility of the pathogen

Question 29

Is a vaccine 100% safe?

Answer 29

No

Question 30

What are some adverse reactions of a vaccine?

Answer 30

Inflammation at the site, mild disease like symptoms, fever, irritability, lethargy

Question 31

What are potentially life-threatening reactions for vaccines?

Answer 31

Anaphylactic shock