Midterm 1 Flashcards
Thucydides 430 BC
Exposed and survived had “bulletproof” immunity and were exempt from military service. They also had compassion for the sick
Celsus 1st AD
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
4 cardinal signs of inflammation
Rubor-redness
Tumor-swelling
Calor-Heat
Dolor-pain
Galen 2nd AD
Functio Laesa - Loss of function
2 methods to confer immunity to small pox
Chinese - inhaled
Turks - inserted crusts
Exposed ppl to weakened form of the virus
Jenner 1798
If you worked on a farm you were safe?
John Snow
Cholera outbreak in fountain
Robert Koch
What two bacteria did he identify?
Discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic
Identified the bacteria that cause TB and Cholera
Koch postulates
- The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.
- The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.
- The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host.
Louis Pasteur 1879
What 3 things did he discover ?
Single largest jump!
- pretreatment w/ attenuated Cholera bacteria conferred protection to chicken
- Anthrax vaccine in sheep 100% in living and dying
- Rabies vaccine for dog
Treated Joseph Meister w/ rabies vaccine
von Behring 1890 what did he report and what did it lead to?
Reported - transfer of serum from immunized to Diptheria could confer protection.
“something in the blood remembered the infection”
Led to humoral immunity
Paul Ehrilich 1897
What was his right idea? Wrong mechanism?
Right idea: immune cells had a specificity
Wrong mechanism: side chains
Metchnikoff 1890s
What did he observe? What did it lead to?
Observed some cells were able to eat matter
Led to cell-mediated immunity
Terms regarding Pandemics are related to.. and not…
They are terms for distribution and transmission and not for the severity
Endemic
the constant presence of a disease of an infectious agent within a pop. in a geo. area
Epidemic
a sudden increase in the # of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in pop area
Pandemic
an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large # of ppl. (2 WH zones)
Cluster
an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected
Sporadic
a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly
There has been a shift from bacterial to viral pandemics. What three reasons are there for this?
- Sanitation - advent of modern sanitization
- Germ theory of disease - recognition ex/ John Snow
- Antibiotics
A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)
A - type
California - where the strain was first identified
7 - strain indentifiaction #
2009 - year of indentification
H1N1 - characterization of the H and N proteins
HA proteins (hemagglutinin)
Specific GLUE
Binds the virus to host cells
NA (Neuraminidase)
What does it do?
What is it important for?
SCISSORS
allows for the release of the virus from cell surface molecules
important for entry into the cells and the spread of progeny viruses
Influenza genome is made of 7-8 indv single stranded RNA molecules
What are some reasons for needing a new flu vaccine each year? (Antigenetic drift)
RNA - highly prone to mutation bc it is unstable
Single-stranded - more prone to mutation - no proofreading
What are the 5 steps of viral infection?
- The virus enters host cell
- Viral protein synthesis
- Viral RNA replication
- Viral packaging
- Release
What happens if 2 diff influenza viruses infect the same cell?
Reassortment can occur
What is Reassortment?
When two diff viruses enter the same cell and their RNA mixes to create a genetic shift
What event can allow viruses to jump species?
Reassortment
What advantage does reassortment bestow?
Reassortment allows the virus to become easily transmissible, highly pathogenic, and no pre-existing immune memory
What 3 things can increase the odds of reassortment?
- High-density farming with mixed species
- Travel - ppl and shipping viral vectors
- Reluctance of gov’t to report newly detected pathogens
Emerging disease - what 3 things can we do about it?
- Limit the generation of new disease
- Improve detection/containment
- Develop (prophylactic) therapies and vaccines
