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Immunology MDSC321 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Thucydides 430 BC

A

Exposed and survived had “bulletproof” immunity and were exempt from military service. They also had compassion for the sick

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2
Q

Celsus 1st AD

A

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

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3
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Rubor-redness
Tumor-swelling
Calor-Heat
Dolor-pain

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4
Q

Galen 2nd AD

A

Functio Laesa - Loss of function

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5
Q

2 methods to confer immunity to small pox

A

Chinese - inhaled
Turks - inserted crusts
Exposed ppl to weakened form of the virus

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6
Q

Jenner 1798

A

If you worked on a farm you were safe?

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7
Q

John Snow

A

Cholera outbreak in fountain

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8
Q

Robert Koch

What two bacteria did he identify?

A

Discovered that microbes cause wounds to go septic

Identified the bacteria that cause TB and Cholera

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9
Q

Koch postulates

A
  1. The bacteria must be present in every case of the disease.
  2. The bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture.
  3. The specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host.
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10
Q

Louis Pasteur 1879
What 3 things did he discover ?
Single largest jump!

A
  1. pretreatment w/ attenuated Cholera bacteria conferred protection to chicken
  2. Anthrax vaccine in sheep 100% in living and dying
  3. Rabies vaccine for dog
    Treated Joseph Meister w/ rabies vaccine
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11
Q

von Behring 1890 what did he report and what did it lead to?

A

Reported - transfer of serum from immunized to Diptheria could confer protection.
“something in the blood remembered the infection”
Led to humoral immunity

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12
Q

Paul Ehrilich 1897

What was his right idea? Wrong mechanism?

A

Right idea: immune cells had a specificity

Wrong mechanism: side chains

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13
Q

Metchnikoff 1890s

What did he observe? What did it lead to?

A

Observed some cells were able to eat matter

Led to cell-mediated immunity

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14
Q

Terms regarding Pandemics are related to.. and not…

A

They are terms for distribution and transmission and not for the severity

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15
Q

Endemic

A

the constant presence of a disease of an infectious agent within a pop. in a geo. area

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16
Q

Epidemic

A

a sudden increase in the # of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in pop area

17
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large # of ppl. (2 WH zones)

18
Q

Cluster

A

an aggregation of cases grouped in place and time that are suspected to be greater than the number expected

19
Q

Sporadic

A

a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

20
Q

There has been a shift from bacterial to viral pandemics. What three reasons are there for this?

A
  1. Sanitation - advent of modern sanitization
  2. Germ theory of disease - recognition ex/ John Snow
  3. Antibiotics
21
Q

A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)

A

A - type
California - where the strain was first identified
7 - strain indentifiaction #
2009 - year of indentification
H1N1 - characterization of the H and N proteins

22
Q

HA proteins (hemagglutinin)

A

Specific GLUE

Binds the virus to host cells

23
Q

NA (Neuraminidase)
What does it do?
What is it important for?

A

SCISSORS
allows for the release of the virus from cell surface molecules

important for entry into the cells and the spread of progeny viruses

24
Q

Influenza genome is made of 7-8 indv single stranded RNA molecules
What are some reasons for needing a new flu vaccine each year? (Antigenetic drift)

A

RNA - highly prone to mutation bc it is unstable

Single-stranded - more prone to mutation - no proofreading

25
Q

What are the 5 steps of viral infection?

A
  1. The virus enters host cell
  2. Viral protein synthesis
  3. Viral RNA replication
  4. Viral packaging
  5. Release
26
Q

What happens if 2 diff influenza viruses infect the same cell?

A

Reassortment can occur

27
Q

What is Reassortment?

A

When two diff viruses enter the same cell and their RNA mixes to create a genetic shift

28
Q

What event can allow viruses to jump species?

A

Reassortment

29
Q

What advantage does reassortment bestow?

A

Reassortment allows the virus to become easily transmissible, highly pathogenic, and no pre-existing immune memory

30
Q

What 3 things can increase the odds of reassortment?

A
  1. High-density farming with mixed species
  2. Travel - ppl and shipping viral vectors
  3. Reluctance of gov’t to report newly detected pathogens
31
Q

Emerging disease - what 3 things can we do about it?

A
  1. Limit the generation of new disease
  2. Improve detection/containment
  3. Develop (prophylactic) therapies and vaccines

Immunology MDSC321 (27 decks)

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