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Immunology MDSC321 > Humoral and Cellular Immunity > Flashcards

Humoral and Cellular Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral immunity is the oldest form of medicine. What are the 4 humors?

A
  1. Phlegm
  2. Blood
  3. Liver
  4. Quality of stool
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2
Q

The concept of humors originated with who? and refined by who?

A

Hippocrates

Aristotle and Galen

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3
Q

How did they treat disease in the middle ages?

A

Restore balance to the 4 humors

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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Immunity mediated by soluble molecules

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5
Q

Who first suggested the idea of humoral immunity?

A

von Behring

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6
Q

A serum from an animal immunized to diptheria could confer protection to another individual

A

von Behring

basis for humoral immunity

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7
Q

“something in the liquid remembered the specific pathogen”

A

von Behring

basis for humoral immunity

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8
Q

How can we test for humoral immunity?

A

An adoptive transfer of protective immunity through serum transfer

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9
Q

Jules Bordet

A

Demonstrated that 2 components in serum mediated humoral immunity

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10
Q

Component 1

A

ANTIBODIES

  • Heat stable
  • Specific
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11
Q

Component 2

A

COMPLIMENT

  • Not heat stable
  • Not specific
  • Kills pathogen
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12
Q

What did Jules Bordet call component 2? What is it modern day?

A

Alexine

Compliment

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13
Q

Paul Ehrlich

What did he propose that component 1 and 2 were?

A

1 - proteins produced by cells and both expressed on the cell surface and released into the blood
2 - non-specific blood component that complemented antibodies

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14
Q

Antikoper - side chains that were referred to as

A

amboceptors - binds both pathogen and self cells

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15
Q

The component that binds and neutralizes?

A

Antibodies

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16
Q

The component that kills?

A

complement

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17
Q

Which part of the humoral immunity is in a soluble compnent in the innate?

A

Complement

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18
Q

Which part of the humoral immunity is the soluble compnent in the adaptive?

A

Antibodies

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19
Q

How does neutralizing help with infection?

A

Cover and hide receptors

Can’t see, can’t infect

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20
Q

How does the humoral response enhance later adaptive responses?

A

Opsonization - flags and something will destroy/eat it

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21
Q

What is complement made of?

A

40 soluble inactive proteins

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22
Q

Activation of complement leads to a proteolytic cascade that results in the generation of what?

A

MAC - membrane attack complex

23
Q

What is MAC?

A

A non-covalent oligomer of complement proteins

24
Q

How does MAC kill?

A

Inserts itself into the membrane of a pathogen creating pores and lysing the target

25
Q

Is Complement specific?

A

NO
No memory
Cascade effect amplifies

26
Q

Does complement have memory?

A

NO

27
Q

Are antibodies specific?

A

YES highly

28
Q

Antibodies are side chains produced by

A

B cells

the cellular part of humoral immunity

29
Q

What is required to make the soluble molecules of the humoral response?

A

Cells

30
Q

What are the 3 effector functions of antibodies?

A
  1. bind and neutralize
  2. Opsonize
  3. Bind and enhance complement activation
31
Q

Isotypes

A

Diff flavours of antibodies

32
Q

Why do we need diff antibodies?

A

Different functions

some are better some are worse

33
Q

What dictates the type of immunity an antibody can provide?

A

The specific effector function spectrum

34
Q

Metchnikoff

What did he observe? What did it lead to?

A

Observed some cells from sea urchins were able to internalize matter
phagocytes
cell-mediated immunity

35
Q

James Gowans 1950-60s

What did he propose? What did he track?

A

Adaptive was mediated by lymphocytes

Tracked cells that left the thymus, circulated the blood, entered lymph nodes, drained in the lymph, and re-entered the blood

36
Q

What does the removal of small lymphocytes do?

A

leads to the loss of adaptive immune responses

37
Q

Who studied animals following fetal thymectomy - loss of immunity?

A

Miller - controversial

38
Q

What two things did Miller propose?

A
  1. different subsets of lymphocytes
  2. B-cell (antibody-producing cells)
    T-cells (lymphocytes from the thymus
39
Q

What was identified that could kill without prior immunization/memory?

A

Natural killer cells

A lymphocyte isolated from the spleen

40
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Permanently angry

isolated from the spleen and do not need education/priming

41
Q

What is the cellular immune system responsible for clearing? 3 things

A

virally infected cells
intracelular bacteria
tumors

42
Q

What are two types of phagocytes invloved in cellular?

A

macrophages

neutrophils

43
Q

What 3 things are involved in cellular imm?

A
  1. Phagocytyes
  2. T-cells
  3. NK cells
44
Q

Why do we sometimes need to kill macrophages?

A

Thye can be infected and become a virus factory

45
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms that cellular imm uses to kill targets?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Neutrophil Degranulation
  3. enhance macrohpage phagosomes
  4. Direct killing
46
Q

2 types of direct cellular imm killing?

A 
Death receptors (FAS-FAS Ligand)
Cytotoxic granules (poke holes in target and induce apoptosis)
47
Q

What is involved in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages

48
Q

What does degranulation do?

A

Neutrophils and granulocytes dump toxins

49
Q

Helper cell

A

TH1

50
Q

What does a helper cell help?

A

phagosome activity

51
Q

What cells induce apoptosis?

A

CD8+
T-cells
NK cells

52
Q

What directs toxins to a cell?

A

Cytotoxic granules

  • CD8+
  • T-cells
  • NK cells
53
Q

Are T-cells able to recognize a pathogen?

A

NO

54
Q

What do T-cells require to see a pathogen?

A

innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic)

Immunology MDSC321 (27 decks)

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