Humoral and Cellular Immunity

Question 1

Humoral immunity is the oldest form of medicine. What are the 4 humors?

Answer 1

1. Phlegm
2. Blood
3. Liver
4. Quality of stool

Question 2

The concept of humors originated with who? and refined by who?

Answer 2

Hippocrates

Aristotle and Galen

Question 3

How did they treat disease in the middle ages?

Answer 3

Restore balance to the 4 humors

Question 4

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 4

Immunity mediated by soluble molecules

Question 5

Who first suggested the idea of humoral immunity?

Answer 5

von Behring

Question 6

A serum from an animal immunized to diptheria could confer protection to another individual

Answer 6

von Behring

basis for humoral immunity

Question 7

“something in the liquid remembered the specific pathogen”

Answer 7

von Behring

basis for humoral immunity

Question 8

How can we test for humoral immunity?

Answer 8

An adoptive transfer of protective immunity through serum transfer

Question 9

Jules Bordet

Answer 9

Demonstrated that 2 components in serum mediated humoral immunity

Question 10

Component 1

Answer 10

ANTIBODIES

• Heat stable
• Specific

Question 11

Component 2

Answer 11

COMPLIMENT

• Not heat stable
• Not specific
• Kills pathogen

Question 12

What did Jules Bordet call component 2? What is it modern day?

Answer 12

Alexine

Compliment

Question 13

Paul Ehrlich

What did he propose that component 1 and 2 were?

Answer 13

1 - proteins produced by cells and both expressed on the cell surface and released into the blood
2 - non-specific blood component that complemented antibodies

Question 14

Antikoper - side chains that were referred to as

Answer 14

amboceptors - binds both pathogen and self cells

Question 15

The component that binds and neutralizes?

Answer 15

Antibodies

Question 16

The component that kills?

Answer 16

complement

Question 17

Which part of the humoral immunity is in a soluble compnent in the innate?

Answer 17

Complement

Question 18

Which part of the humoral immunity is the soluble compnent in the adaptive?

Answer 18

Antibodies

Question 19

How does neutralizing help with infection?

Answer 19

Cover and hide receptors

Can’t see, can’t infect

Question 20

How does the humoral response enhance later adaptive responses?

Answer 20

Opsonization - flags and something will destroy/eat it

Question 21

What is complement made of?

Answer 21

40 soluble inactive proteins

Question 22

Activation of complement leads to a proteolytic cascade that results in the generation of what?

Answer 22

MAC - membrane attack complex

Question 23

What is MAC?

Answer 23

A non-covalent oligomer of complement proteins

Question 24

How does MAC kill?

Answer 24

Inserts itself into the membrane of a pathogen creating pores and lysing the target

Question 25

Is Complement specific?

Answer 25

NO No memory Cascade effect amplifies

Question 26

Does complement have memory?

Answer 26

NO

Question 27

Are antibodies specific?

Answer 27

YES highly

Question 28

Antibodies are side chains produced by

Answer 28

B cells | the cellular part of humoral immunity

Question 29

What is required to make the soluble molecules of the humoral response?

Answer 29

Cells

Question 30

What are the 3 effector functions of antibodies?

Answer 30

1. bind and neutralize 2. Opsonize 3. Bind and enhance complement activation

Question 31

Isotypes

Answer 31

Diff flavours of antibodies

Question 32

Why do we need diff antibodies?

Answer 32

Different functions | some are better some are worse

Question 33

What dictates the type of immunity an antibody can provide?

Answer 33

The specific effector function spectrum

Question 34

Metchnikoff | What did he observe? What did it lead to?

Answer 34

Observed some cells from sea urchins were able to internalize matter phagocytes cell-mediated immunity

Question 35

James Gowans 1950-60s | What did he propose? What did he track?

Answer 35

Adaptive was mediated by lymphocytes Tracked cells that left the thymus, circulated the blood, entered lymph nodes, drained in the lymph, and re-entered the blood

Question 36

What does the removal of small lymphocytes do?

Answer 36

leads to the loss of adaptive immune responses

Question 37

Who studied animals following fetal thymectomy - loss of immunity?

Answer 37

Miller - controversial

Question 38

What two things did Miller propose?

Answer 38

1. different subsets of lymphocytes 2. B-cell (antibody-producing cells) T-cells (lymphocytes from the thymus

Question 39

What was identified that could kill without prior immunization/memory?

Answer 39

Natural killer cells | A lymphocyte isolated from the spleen

Question 40

Natural killer cells

Answer 40

Permanently angry | isolated from the spleen and do not need education/priming

Question 41

What is the cellular immune system responsible for clearing? 3 things

Answer 41

virally infected cells intracelular bacteria tumors

Question 42

What are two types of phagocytes invloved in cellular?

Answer 42

macrophages | neutrophils

Question 43

What 3 things are involved in cellular imm?

Answer 43

1. Phagocytyes 2. T-cells 3. NK cells

Question 44

Why do we sometimes need to kill macrophages?

Answer 44

Thye can be infected and become a virus factory

Question 45

What are the 4 mechanisms that cellular imm uses to kill targets?

Answer 45

1. Phagocytosis 2. Neutrophil Degranulation 3. enhance macrohpage phagosomes 4. Direct killing

Question 46

2 types of direct cellular imm killing?

Answer 46

``` Death receptors (FAS-FAS Ligand) Cytotoxic granules (poke holes in target and induce apoptosis) ```

Question 47

What is involved in phagocytosis?

Answer 47

Neutrophils | Macrophages

Question 48

What does degranulation do?

Answer 48

Neutrophils and granulocytes dump toxins

Question 49

Helper cell

Answer 49

TH1

Question 50

What does a helper cell help?

Answer 50

phagosome activity

Question 51

What cells induce apoptosis?

Answer 51

CD8+ T-cells NK cells

Question 52

What directs toxins to a cell?

Answer 52

Cytotoxic granules - CD8+ - T-cells - NK cells

Question 53

Are T-cells able to recognize a pathogen?

Answer 53

NO

Question 54

What do T-cells require to see a pathogen?

Answer 54

innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic)