Vaccines Flashcards
12th century methods to confer immunity
Chinese
Turks
Chinese - inhaled small pox pustules
Turks - Inserted crusts from small pox pustules
What did Edward Jenner notice?
“-“ immunization ?
Noticed that cow pox protected from small pox
People who worked in farms w/ cows had protection
“Refined” Immunization
Who observed that people who worked on farms w/ cows had immunity to small pox?
Edward Jenner
What did Jenner call the material and the process?
Material - Vaccine
Process - Vaccination
Latin word for cow
Vacca
Who is the father of “modern” vaccines?
Louis Pasteur
What three things did Louis Pasteur do?
- Attenuated Cholera bacteria conferred protection to chickens
- Tested Anthrax vaccine on sheep
- Developed a rabies vaccine for dogs
Treated Joseph Meister w/ rabies vaccine
What type of vaccine did Pasteur discover?
Live attenuated
He found that bacteria grown under the wrong conditions weakens it and then your immune system can use it and generate memory for it
What are the 4 categories of immunity?
- Natural Passive (Milk)
- Induced (artificial) Passive (anti-venom)
- Natural Active (infection)
- Induced Active (vaccination)
Give an example of Natural Passive Immunity
Milk
From mother to newborn
Antibodies from mom confer protection
Give an example of Induced Passive Immunity
Anti-venom
Bite horse>horse recovers>take plasma w/ antibodies and give to human
Convalescent antibodies
Artificially generated from ppl. who got sick w/ covid
Give an example of Natural Active Immunity
Infection
Give an example of Induced Active Immunity
Vaccination
What is passive immunity?
Achieved by preformed immunoglobulins from previously infected or immunized indv
What type of immunity gives immediate protection?
Passive
What are the two drawbacks of passive immunity?
- Dissipates after a few weeks to months
2. Does not generate memory
How long are infants protected with natural passive immunity?
About 6 months
IVIg - General Immune Regulator
What is it?
What is it used for?
Intravenous immunoglobulin
It is a last line of defense
From 100-400ppl w/ a diverse set of antibodies. We don’t purify - we give ALL
What is the difference between immunization and vaccination?
Immunization is the outcome
Vaccination is the strategy
Define immunization
It is gaining protective immunity through exposure to a pathogen (infection, vaccination)
Define Vaccination
Intentionally exposing an individual to a pathogen (or part) w/ the intention of generating protective immunity
You can be vaccinated but not always —
immunized
Gaining protective immunity
immunization
Intention of generating protective immunity
vaccination
What is the goal of vaccination?
Immunization
What are the 4 ways that vaccination may not work? (aka immunize)
- Administration (injection)
- Patient genetics (vaccine is built for the avg person)
- Batch quality
- Pathogen changes (“the flu shot is not a good match this year”)
What are 4 reasons for not promoting getting infected? (Natural active)
- Safer
- Many are non-communicable (not from one person to the other)
- More controlled
- Better tested
What is a vaccine?
A vaccine is any preparation intended to produce immunity to a particular disease
How effective are vaccines?
- Dramatic decrease in severe illness
2. Eradicated small pox
Three components of a vaccine
- Antigen
- Adjuvant
- Route and Dose
