Experimental Models Cont. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the advantages of flies and worms as animal models? 6

A
Cheap
No ethics
Rapid Breeding
Easy genetic manipulation
Innate immunity
High throughput
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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of flies and worms as animal models? 3

A

No adaptive immunity
Small - hard to do surgeries
Limited reagents

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3
Q

What type of immunity do fish have (zebrafish)?

A

COMPLETE

Adaptive and innte

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4
Q

Young zebrafish are…

A

transparent

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5
Q

What are the advantages of fish models? 4

A

Cheap
Visualize process in translucent animal
Rapid breeding
Innate and adaptive

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of fish models? 4

A

Aquatic
Hard for behavioral studies
Non-classic immune system
Limited reagents

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7
Q

What model is used in the vast majority of research today?

A

Rodents

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8
Q

What type of immune system do rodents have?

A

Fairly close to people

both

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9
Q

What are the 4 advantages of rodents?

A

Have an immune system close to humans
Convenient size
Genetically pliable
Stricly control breeding

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10
Q

What are you able to study with rodents?

A

Disease at the organism and the molecular level

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11
Q

What are rodents used for?

A
Infection
healing
Immunization
Autoimmunity
Transmission
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12
Q

What is the drawback to rodent models?

A

They are not human

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13
Q

How do you choose a model? 3

A

Determine the specific question
Choose a model that most closely parallels humans for that single aspect of interest
Avoid overinterpreting or generalizing findings as an attempt to explain human disease

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14
Q

Vertebrates require approval from…

A

An institutional animal ethics committee

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15
Q

What is the ethics committee made up of?

A

Researchers, vets, and ppl of the public

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16
Q

Before publication and funding what do all journals/grants require?

A

Ethics approval

17
Q

What are the 3 Rs

A

Reduce (as few animals as possible)
Replace (w/ lower organisms) fish w/ fly
Refine (get more data out of each, improve technique to min. discomfort)

18
Q

If animals don’t completely model humans - how can we improve the model? 3

A

Humanized mice
Transfer human cells into a recipient animal
Use humans…

19
Q

What are human model past wrongs?

A

Jenner (forcibly vax and challenging w/ disease)
Guatemalan syphilis study
Tuskegee syphilis studies
Prisoner studies

20
Q

What are the advantages on paper with prisoner studies?

A
Repay debt to society
Higher than avg of certain diseases
Access to elevated health care
More minority pop.
Ability to follow up
21
Q

What are the 4 issues with human subjects?

A

Freedom
Informed consent
Privacy
Incentive

22
Q

What two types of studies can we do with humans?

A

Observational

Interventional

23
Q

What are observational studies?

A

No impact on day to day life
Not altering health/treatment
Take blood from someone at the hospital already giving blood

24
Q

Interventional studies

A

More controversial
Testing something
Always requires informed consent

25
What are the stages of interventional studies?
Phase 1-4
26
Phase 1
Safety and efficacy | 10-12 patients
27
Phase 2
Larger, efficacy
28
Phase 3
This is where it gets approved | Very large, efficacy, side effects, comparison to current drugs
29
Phase 4
Following the drug after release to market | Looking for rare events
30
What is the ultimate experiment?
Prospectively vaccinate a huge number of people Follow ppl for a very long time Compare infection rates of vax and unvax Crazy $$$