Vaccine 1 Flashcards
12th century - 2 methods that conferred immunity to smallpox
Chinese - inhaled ground crusts from smallpox pustulates
Turkish - inserted crusts from smallpox pustulates into small cuts in the skin
Edward Jenner
“Refined” immunization
What did Jenner discover?
That ppl working in farms were protected against smallpox
cow pox -> smallpox
What did Jenner name?
Vaccine
Latin - vacca
cow
What did Jenner call the process of getting a vaccine?
Vaccination
When did Jenner publish his findings?
1798
Within a decade, who was using Jenner’s vaccine?
People around the world
Pasteur is the father of?
“modern” vaccines
What 3 things did Pasteur discover?
- Attenuated Cholera bacteria conferred protection in chickens
- Tested anthrax vaccine on sheep
- Developed a vaccine for dogs
Treated Joseph Meister with rabies vaccine
What are the 4 general silos of immunity?
- Natural passive immunity (milk)
- Induced passive immunity (artificial) (anti-venom/convalescent antibodies)
- Natural active immunity (induced) (infection)
- Induced active immunity (vaccination)
What are convalescent antibodies?
Antibodies taken from an indv who got sick and recovered
Immunoglobulins vs. antibodies
Immunoglobulins are attached to the b-cell membrane while antibodies float in the circulation
How is passive immunity achieved?
Preformed immunoglobulins from previously infected or immunized individuals
Passive immunity
1 positive
2 negatives
Provides immediate protection
Dissipates after a few weeks to months
Does NOT generate memory
Natural passive immunity
Occurs naturally with a transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus through the placental circulation and breast milk
How long are infants protected with natural passive immunity?
6 months
Induced passive immunity
Non-specific antibody (immunoglobulin)
Contains a mixture of antibodies reflecting the previous exposures of the plasma donors to various agents
What is induced passive immunity used for?
For the prevention or attenuation of illnesses for which there is no specific immunoglobulin preparation
What is an example of natural passive immunity?
Milk
What is an example of induced (artificial) passive immunity?
Anti-venom
Convalescent
