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Immunology MDSC321 > Vaccines 2 > Flashcards

Vaccines 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Components of a Vaccine

A
  1. Antigen (target)
  2. Adjuvant (primer)
  3. Route and Dose
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2
Q

What is an antigen?

A

The specific target seen by the Adaptive immune system

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3
Q

What are the 3 main kinds of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated
  2. Killed
  3. Subunit or Toxoid
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4
Q

What is a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Weakened or less virulent pathogen

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5
Q

How does a live attenuated vaccine work?

A

Weakened pathogen actually infects the host

Attenuated microbes multiply in the recipient, leading to a more robust and long-lasting immune response

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6
Q

What type of response does a live attenuated vaccine elicit?

A

A strong cellular and humoral response

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7
Q

How long is immunity for live attenuated vaccines?

A

Lifelong with only one or two doses

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8
Q

What are the 2 risks associated with live attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. Possibility that attenuated vaccine strain could revert to an active pathogen
  2. Cannot be given to health professionals or immunocompromised individuals
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9
Q

Why can you not give a live attenuated vaccine to a healthcare worker?

A

Could pass to a patient

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10
Q

Why can you not give a live attenuated vaccine to an immunocompromised individual?

A

It is possible that the weakened pathogen could still win

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11
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Recognizes pathogen as self

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12
Q

Autoimmune

A

Recognizes self as pathogen

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13
Q

What are the 2 logistical problems to live attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. need to be refrigerated to stay potent
  2. Difficult to produce live attenuated vaccines in bacteria b/c of the greater number of genes and thus, the chance of them reverting is greater
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14
Q

Why do we not have attenuated bacterial vaccines?

A

Bacteria have too many genes and thus, the chance of them reverting is too high

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15
Q

What is arguably the safest vaccine?

A

Killed

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16
Q

What is a killed vaccine?

A

A vaccine containing inactivated organisms or parts of them

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17
Q

Give an example of an attenuated vaccine

A

Measles, mumps

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18
Q

Give an example of a killed vaccine

A

Hep A
Influenza
Polio

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19
Q

How do you inactivate - for killed vaccines?

A

Heat/chemical/radiation

Boil, UV

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20
Q

What is an advantage killed has over attenuated?

A

Pose no risk of reverting

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21
Q

How are killed stored?

A

Dried and stored (up to 10 yrs)

Stable and do not require cold chain

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22
Q

What is a drawback of killed?

A
  1. Provide weak or short lived immune response

May require boosters

23
Q

What type of vaccine consists of whole pathogens?

A

Killed

24
Q

Is a killed vaccine able to infect host cells?

A

No

25
Q

What types of vaccines require boosters?

A

Killed

Subunit or Toxoid

26
Q

What does a subunit vaccine consist of ?

A

Antigens (targets) that best stimulate the immune system or specific toxins that mediate disease

27
Q

What are the 3 methods of preparation for a subunit ?

A
  1. Chemical extraction of pathogen
  2. Recombinant DNA tech
  3. Chemically synthesized
28
Q

What type of immune response does a subunit elicit?

A

Antibody responses

29
Q

What type of immune response does a subunit not elicit?

A

Cytotoxic T

So we do not make T-cells

30
Q

What type of antigens do we chose for subunit vaccines

A

Conserved antigens

They won’t escape vaccine

31
Q

What is a major problem of subunit?

A

Pathogens that are antigenically diverse

Thye can mutate and escape the vaccine

32
Q

Why does a subunit not work for Malaria?

A

Malaria can change its outercoating

33
Q

How do we generate a subunit vaccine that works on a pathogen that changes?

A

We chose suface antigens so that even if the pathogen changes the surface of the spike protein sticks to the host

34
Q

When do we use a toxoid vaccine?

A

When a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness

35
Q

Give an example of a toxoid vaccine

A

Diptheria or Tetanus

36
Q

How does tetanus harm us?

A

It secrets a toxin and the toxin causes paralysis

So we vaccinate against the toxin and not the bacteria

37
Q

What are the 2 new vaccine strategies?

A
  1. Engineered

2. DNA/RNA

38
Q

How does an engineered vaccine work?

A

Attach targets from a highly virulent pathogen to the surface of a weak pathogen

39
Q

Does an engineered vaccine infect the host?

A

Yes

40
Q

What type of vax technique so we dress up a pathogen to look like a more virulent pathogen?

A

Engineered

41
Q

What vaccine has no pathogen?

A

DNA/RNA

42
Q

How does a DNA/RNA vax work?

A

Inoculate w/ a gene encoding a pathogen or targer

43
Q

How does a recombinant vector vax work?

A

Introduce genes encoding microbial antigens into a non-cytopathic or attenuated virus/bacteria and infect individuals

44
Q

Does a rec vector generate a true infection?

A

Yes

45
Q

What type of immune response does a recombinant vector elicit?

A

Full complement immune response, including strong CTL responses

46
Q

Can we use engineered vaccines on health care workers and immunocompromised?

A

No, it is STILL an infection

47
Q

Is there any pathogenic machinery in an engineered vax?

A

No

48
Q

Give an example of a recombinant vector vaccine

A

VSV-EBoV
J/J
Astrazenica

49
Q

Give an example of DNA/RNA vax

A

Moderna

Pfizer

50
Q

What are 4 advantages to a DNA/RNA vax?

A
  1. Elicit designer immune response
  2. Easy to produce and purify
  3. Stability
  4. Low cost
51
Q

Theoretical concerns over DNA/RNA (2)

A
  1. Potential for genomic integration into host chromosomal DNA and induce mutagenesis and insertional carcinogenisi
    AKA introduce into the wrong cells and create cancer
  2. Potential for induction of ant-ds-DNA or antibodies against other nucelar antigens, leading to autoimmunity
52
Q

What type of vax uses our cell machinery?

A

DNA/RNA

53
Q

What does a killed usually consist of ?

A

Components often consists of surface molecules of pathogens that mediate host cell invasion

54
Q

How does a DNA/RNA vax work? 4 steps

A
  1. Gene antigen of interest is cloned into a bacterial plasmid that is engineered to increase the expression of the inserted gene in mammalian cells
  2. After being injected, the plasmid enters a host cell where it remains in the nucleus
  3. Using the host cell machinery, the plasmid DNA directs the synthesis of the protein it encodes
  4. The microbial protein may be presented in the context of MHC molecules to elicit T-cell responses

Immunology MDSC321 (27 decks)

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