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Immunology MDSC321 > Antibody 1 > Flashcards

Antibody 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of epitopes?

A

B and T cell

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2
Q

How does the antigen interact w a B-cell?

A

Membrane Ig and antigen

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3
Q

How does the antigen interact w a T-cell?

A

Membrane TCR, antigen, MHC

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4
Q

Which type of cell can detect soluble antigen?

A

B-cells

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5
Q

What additional molecules does a B-cell need to see antigen?

A

None

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6
Q

What additional molecules does a T-cell need to see antigen?

A

MHC, CD8/CD4

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7
Q

Chemical nature of antigen for B-cells

A

Protein, lipid, polysaccharide

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8
Q

Chemical nature of antigen for T-cells

A

Protein

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9
Q

The epitopes of B-cells can be what 4 forms?

A
  1. Accessible (topographical)
  2. Hydrophilic
  3. Mobile
  4. Sequential or conformational
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10
Q

What epitopes of T-cells can be what 3 forms?

A
  1. Accessible or internal
  2. Linear
  3. Amphipathic
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11
Q

Ag-Ab interactions involve what type of binding between molecules?

A

Highly specific and reversible

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12
Q

What type of interaction do Ag and Ab have?

A

On off on off

Stick and fall apart

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13
Q

What type of bond is Ag and Ab not?

A

Covalent

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14
Q

How is the specificity determined in a Ag-Ab bond?

A

Determined by multiple low affinity non-covalent bonds that require a specific fit

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15
Q

What type of bonds do Ag-Ab have? (4)

A
  1. Ionic (electrostatic)
  2. Hydrogen Bonds
  3. van der Waals interations
  4. Hydrophobic bonds
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16
Q

How many binding sites does affinity deal with?

A

One

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17
Q

What is affinity?

A

The strength of the sum of non-covalent interactions b/w a single Ag binding site on an Ab and a single epitope

How well one antibody stick to a single epitope of an Ag

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18
Q

What is Ka?

A

Association constant

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19
Q

What is the formula for affinity?

A

[Ab-Ag}/[Ab][Ag]

Compound/free Ag and free Ab

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20
Q

What does a low affinity mean?

A

Falls apart (lower #)

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21
Q

What does a high affinity mean?

A

Stuck together (higher #)

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22
Q

Avidity?

A

The strength of multiple interactions b/w multivalent antibody and antigen

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23
Q

How can we compensate weak bonds?

A

Avidity

More bonds

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24
Q

How can we compensate for low affinity?

A

High avidity

25
Q

Affinity

A

The stregth of binding between a single Ag epitobe and an Ab

26
Q

What is affinity dictated by?

A

The Ag-Ab fit

27
Q

Avidity

A

The function of the combined strength of binding affinity and the Ab/Ag valency

28
Q

What is avidity dictated by?

A

Affinity and the number of Ag/Ab bindings

29
Q

What is the measure of how many hands you have on the monkey bars?

A

Avidity

30
Q

What are two possible cross-reactivity of antigens?

A
  1. Different antigens may share common epitopes

2. Epitope of an antigen may be different but share common chemical properties

31
Q

What happens if different Ag share common epitopes?

A

Ab will bind both

32
Q

What happens if an epitope is different but may share common chemical properties?

A

Ab will bind 2 diff epitopes

33
Q

Two cross reactions

A

Shared epitopes

SImilar chemical

34
Q

What is an example of cross reactivity?

A

ABO blood

35
Q

What antibodies do you have if you have boold type A?

A

Antibodies to blood type B

36
Q

What antigens do blood type A have?

A

A antigen

37
Q

What antibodies fo blood type B have?

A

A antibodies

38
Q

What antibodies do AB have? Antigens?

A

No antibodies

A and B antigens

39
Q

What blood type has no antigens?

A

O

40
Q

Anti-A antibodies originate from

A

Influenza virus

41
Q

Anti-B antibodies

A

Glycoproteins or Gram-negative bacteria

42
Q

What happens if you get the wrong blood?

A

Precipitation occurs (clumps)

43
Q

How does precipitation occur?

A

When Ag-Ab interactions result in the formation of a lttice structure

44
Q

What does a lattice formation require?

A

Bivalent Ab and at least a bivalent or polyvalent Ag

45
Q

How can we measure precipitin reactions?

A

By adding an increased amount of antigen to a fixed amount of Ab

46
Q

What inhibits precipitation?

A

Excess of either Ab or Ab

47
Q

In the zone of equivalence is the conc. of Ag and Ab equal?

A

No

48
Q

What is the zone of equivalence?

A

Optimal conc of Ab and Ag (not equal)

49
Q

What does the zone of equivalence give us?

A

The dilution factor

50
Q

What theory did Paul Ehrlich put forth?

A

Side chain thoery

51
Q

SIde chain theory

A

Antibody producy cells express multiple side chians w various antigen specificities

52
Q

Once engaged with antigen what happened ?

A

Engagement with Ag results in the production and secretion of many more identical Ag specific side chains

53
Q

What is the issue with the side chain theory?

A

The Ig gene locus would need to be 35x bigger than the entire genome

54
Q

Instructional theory

A

The Ag serves as a template and the Ig molecule folds and mutates around it

55
Q

How many genes are needed in the instructional theory?

A

Few genes bc a single molecule could assume many specificities

56
Q

What type of Ig molecule do you need in the instructional theory?

A

Generic Ig

it folds around the Ag

57
Q

What is the problem instructional theory?

A

It does not account for the pre-existing specificity we have

58
Q

What theory came after the side-chain theory?

A

Instructional

59
Q

What theory followed the instructional theory?

A

Two gene theory

Immunology MDSC321 (27 decks)

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