Antibody 1

Question 1

What are the two types of epitopes?

Answer 1

B and T cell

Question 2

How does the antigen interact w a B-cell?

Answer 2

Membrane Ig and antigen

Question 3

How does the antigen interact w a T-cell?

Answer 3

Membrane TCR, antigen, MHC

Question 4

Which type of cell can detect soluble antigen?

Answer 4

B-cells

Question 5

What additional molecules does a B-cell need to see antigen?

Answer 5

None

Question 6

What additional molecules does a T-cell need to see antigen?

Answer 6

MHC, CD8/CD4

Question 7

Chemical nature of antigen for B-cells

Answer 7

Protein, lipid, polysaccharide

Question 8

Chemical nature of antigen for T-cells

Answer 8

Protein

Question 9

The epitopes of B-cells can be what 4 forms?

Answer 9

1. Accessible (topographical)
2. Hydrophilic
3. Mobile
4. Sequential or conformational

Question 10

What epitopes of T-cells can be what 3 forms?

Answer 10

1. Accessible or internal
2. Linear
3. Amphipathic

Question 11

Ag-Ab interactions involve what type of binding between molecules?

Answer 11

Highly specific and reversible

Question 12

What type of interaction do Ag and Ab have?

Answer 12

On off on off

Stick and fall apart

Question 13

What type of bond is Ag and Ab not?

Answer 13

Covalent

Question 14

How is the specificity determined in a Ag-Ab bond?

Answer 14

Determined by multiple low affinity non-covalent bonds that require a specific fit

Question 15

What type of bonds do Ag-Ab have? (4)

Answer 15

1. Ionic (electrostatic)
2. Hydrogen Bonds
3. van der Waals interations
4. Hydrophobic bonds

Question 16

How many binding sites does affinity deal with?

Answer 16

One

Question 17

What is affinity?

Answer 17

The strength of the sum of non-covalent interactions b/w a single Ag binding site on an Ab and a single epitope

How well one antibody stick to a single epitope of an Ag

Question 18

What is Ka?

Answer 18

Association constant

Question 19

What is the formula for affinity?

Answer 19

[Ab-Ag}/[Ab][Ag]

Compound/free Ag and free Ab

Question 20

What does a low affinity mean?

Answer 20

Falls apart (lower #)

Question 21

What does a high affinity mean?

Answer 21

Stuck together (higher #)

Question 22

Avidity?

Answer 22

The strength of multiple interactions b/w multivalent antibody and antigen

Question 23

How can we compensate weak bonds?

Answer 23

Avidity

More bonds

Question 24

How can we compensate for low affinity?

Answer 24

High avidity

Question 25

Affinity

Answer 25

The stregth of binding between a single Ag epitobe and an Ab

Question 26

What is affinity dictated by?

Answer 26

The Ag-Ab fit

Question 27

Avidity

Answer 27

The function of the combined strength of binding affinity and the Ab/Ag valency

Question 28

What is avidity dictated by?

Answer 28

Affinity and the number of Ag/Ab bindings

Question 29

What is the measure of how many hands you have on the monkey bars?

Answer 29

Avidity

Question 30

What are two possible cross-reactivity of antigens?

Answer 30

1. Different antigens may share common epitopes | 2. Epitope of an antigen may be different but share common chemical properties

Question 31

What happens if different Ag share common epitopes?

Answer 31

Ab will bind both

Question 32

What happens if an epitope is different but may share common chemical properties?

Answer 32

Ab will bind 2 diff epitopes

Question 33

Two cross reactions

Answer 33

Shared epitopes | SImilar chemical

Question 34

What is an example of cross reactivity?

Answer 34

ABO blood

Question 35

What antibodies do you have if you have boold type A?

Answer 35

Antibodies to blood type B

Question 36

What antigens do blood type A have?

Answer 36

A antigen

Question 37

What antibodies fo blood type B have?

Answer 37

A antibodies

Question 38

What antibodies do AB have? Antigens?

Answer 38

No antibodies | A and B antigens

Question 39

What blood type has no antigens?

Answer 39

O

Question 40

Anti-A antibodies originate from

Answer 40

Influenza virus

Question 41

Anti-B antibodies

Answer 41

Glycoproteins or Gram-negative bacteria

Question 42

What happens if you get the wrong blood?

Answer 42

Precipitation occurs (clumps)

Question 43

How does precipitation occur?

Answer 43

When Ag-Ab interactions result in the formation of a lttice structure

Question 44

What does a lattice formation require?

Answer 44

Bivalent Ab and at least a bivalent or polyvalent Ag

Question 45

How can we measure precipitin reactions?

Answer 45

By adding an increased amount of antigen to a fixed amount of Ab

Question 46

What inhibits precipitation?

Answer 46

Excess of either Ab or Ab

Question 47

In the zone of equivalence is the conc. of Ag and Ab equal?

Answer 47

No

Question 48

What is the zone of equivalence?

Answer 48

Optimal conc of Ab and Ag (not equal)

Question 49

What does the zone of equivalence give us?

Answer 49

The dilution factor

Question 50

What theory did Paul Ehrlich put forth?

Answer 50

Side chain thoery

Question 51

SIde chain theory

Answer 51

Antibody producy cells express multiple side chians w various antigen specificities

Question 52

Once engaged with antigen what happened ?

Answer 52

Engagement with Ag results in the production and secretion of many more identical Ag specific side chains

Question 53

What is the issue with the side chain theory?

Answer 53

The Ig gene locus would need to be 35x bigger than the entire genome

Question 54

Instructional theory

Answer 54

The Ag serves as a template and the Ig molecule folds and mutates around it

Question 55

How many genes are needed in the instructional theory?

Answer 55

Few genes bc a single molecule could assume many specificities

Question 56

What type of Ig molecule do you need in the instructional theory?

Answer 56

Generic Ig | it folds around the Ag

Question 57

What is the problem instructional theory?

Answer 57

It does not account for the pre-existing specificity we have

Question 58

What theory came after the side-chain theory?

Answer 58

Instructional

Question 59

What theory followed the instructional theory?

Answer 59

Two gene theory