Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Fundamental immune system

The type of immunity that everyone has

Answer 1

Innate

Question 2

“born with it”

Answer 2

Innate

Question 3

5 components of Innate immunity

Answer 3

1. Barriers
2. Anti-microbial peptides
3. Complement
4. Soluble mediators (interferon)
5. Phagocytes, Granulocytes

Question 4

The vast majority of the body’s immune resources are directed towards this interface

Answer 4

Barrier

Question 5

Where can you find anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins

Answer 5

Often present in secretions (sweat, mucus, tears, saliva)

Question 6

A type of innate immunity that is rich in positively charged aa residues

Answer 6

Anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins

Question 7

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins disrupt?

Answer 7

microbial membranes

Question 8

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins activate?

Answer 8

lytic proteins

Question 9

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins inhibit?

Answer 9

DNA/RNA/protein synthesis

Question 10

What are anti-microbial peptides and proteins capable of doing in minutes?

Answer 10

Target lysis

Question 11

What part of the innate immunity has a cascade effect?

Answer 11

Complement

Question 12

What is complement a large group of?

What does it do when it recognizes a microbial cell?

Answer 12

Complement is a large group of soluble inactive proteins. When it recognizes a microbial cell it initiates a sequential cascade of proteolytic activation

Question 13

What can you coat a target cell in so that it waves a flag

Answer 13

Coating of the target cell in complement protein fragments and eventual lysis

Question 14

What two ways are recognition mediated in complement?

Answer 14

1. direct binding of complement to a microbial cell surface

2. binding to antibodies that have coated a target cell

Question 15

What part of the innate immune system is produced and released?

Answer 15

Soluble mediators

Question 16

What does modulate physiology do?

Answer 16

Sends help signals

Question 17

What part of the innate immunity indicates sickness in a blood test?

Answer 17

Soluble mediators

Question 18

What does interferon do?

Answer 18

Induces a general anti-viral state

induces fevers

Question 19

Non-clonal

Answer 19

Identical

Question 20

Which part of the innate activates the adaptive?

Answer 20

Phagocytes and granulocytes

Question 21

What part of the innate immune system does not require recognition

Answer 21

Barriers - keep everything out!

Question 22

Does the innate immune system recognize specific pathogens?

Answer 22

Not per se.. they look for patterns

Question 23

PAMPs

Answer 23

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 24

What are some PAMPs? (6)

Answer 24

1. unmethylated CpG DNA
2. Polysaccharides (cell wall)
3. Lipids
4. Double-stranded RNA
5. Flagella
6. Formylated peptides

Question 25

Does the innate immune system need to differentiate b/w pathogens?

Answer 25

No, just needs to know it is not self

Question 26

Opsonization

Answer 26

Make a foreign cell more susceptible to phagocytosis

Question 27

Why is there no advantage in keeping innate cells around?

Answer 27

Innate cells aren't pathogen-specific | One neutrophil is as good as the next

Question 28

For innate immunity subsequent infections with the same pathogen result in the -------- response

Answer 28

SAME | no better, no faster

Question 29

What are the 3 soluble components of innate immunity?

Answer 29

1. Anti-microbial peptides and proteins 2. Interferon 3. Complement

Question 30

What are the 4 cellular components of innate immunity?

Answer 30

1. Phagocytes 2. Granulocytes 3. NK cells 4. Dendritic cells

Question 31

Response time of the innate? SHorter or faster than adaptive?

Answer 31

Can be immeditate Can be min and hours Shorter than adaptive

Question 32

How does innate immunity recognize targets?

Answer 32

PAMPS

Question 33

Why is the diversity of innate immunity limited?

Answer 33

Because you are born with it. It is germline encoded

Question 34

Does innate have memory?

Answer 34

Nope. none

Question 35

Is the immune response of the innate or adaptive better with an inital exposure?

Answer 35

Innate had a greater immune response to a pathogen on the first exposure

Question 36

Adaptive immunity is only present in ...?

Answer 36

Vertebrates only (has a spine)

Question 37

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 37

1. B-Lymphocytes (antibodies) | 2. T-Lymphocytes (cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytokines)

Question 38

What happens if the adaptive mistakes self for pathogen?

Answer 38

autoimmunity

Question 39

What happens if the adaptive mistakes pathogen for self?

Answer 39

immunosuppression

Question 40

Is target recognition in adaptive immunity specific?

Answer 40

YES very

Question 41

Which type of immunity requires billions of specific receptors? Why?

Answer 41

Adaptive | for specificity, we need immense diversity

Question 42

If each receptor had its own indv gene this would overwhelm the genome. What mechanism has the adaptive immunity done to combat this?

Answer 42

The immune system has evolved a mechanism for generating repertoire diversity through the rearrangement of small gene fragments

Question 43

What does rearranging small gene fragments result in?

Answer 43

limitless diversity

Question 44

How does the immune system learn if <0.01% of lymphocytes recognize any single pathogen?

Answer 44

In the rare event that one cell finds/recognizes, we tell it to replicate. We amplify the good cell BUT this takes time

Question 45

What are the 4 steps of clonal selection?

Answer 45

1. A single progenitor cells give rise to a large # of lymphocytes, each with a diff specificity 2. Removal of self-reactive immature lymphocytes by clonal deletion 3. Pool of mature naiive lymphocytes 4. Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells

Question 46

What is the downfall of clonal selection?

Answer 46

Takes time | BUT it is precise

Question 47

Is there an advantage to keeping adaptive immunity cells around?

Answer 47

YES, during an immune response some lymphocytes diversify into long-lived memory cells The advantage is that keeping these cells around means that they are able to specifically recognize a pathogen with high efficiency (preprogrammed)

Question 48

How long can memory cells last?

Answer 48

Lifetime (basis of vaccines)

Question 49

What are the soluble components of the adaptive?

Answer 49

Antibodies

Question 50

What are the cellular components of the adaptive?

Answer 50

B and T Lymphocytes

Question 51

Response time of the adaptive?

Answer 51

Days

Question 52

Is the self discrimination of the innate or adaptive better?

Answer 52

Innate is better | Adaptive can have occasional failures such as autoimmunity and immunosuppression

Question 53

How does the diversity compare b/w the innate and adaptive?

Answer 53

Innate - limited (germline encoded) | Adaptive - unlimited (genetic rearrangement)

Question 54

Does the adaptive or innate immune respond better to secondary infections?

Answer 54

Adaptive | Faster and better b/c persistent memory

Question 55

2 ways the adaptive modulate the innate immunity?

Answer 55

1. B-Lymphocytes produce highly specific antibodies that bind to target cells - complement activation - tagging targets for phagocytosis 2. Activated T-lymphocytes produce Cytokines (soluble mediators) that modulate the ability of phagocytes to internalize and kill pathogens

Question 56

How does the innate modulate the adaptive? 2 reasons

Answer 56

1. T-lymphocytes need to be activated by the phagocytosis and digestions of the pathogen by cells of the innate immune system 2. Lymphocytes also need a second signal for full activation from the innate immune system