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Immunology MDSC321 > Innate and Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Innate and Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental immune system

The type of immunity that everyone has

A

Innate

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2
Q

“born with it”

A

Innate

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3
Q

5 components of Innate immunity

A
  1. Barriers
  2. Anti-microbial peptides
  3. Complement
  4. Soluble mediators (interferon)
  5. Phagocytes, Granulocytes
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4
Q

The vast majority of the body’s immune resources are directed towards this interface

A

Barrier

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5
Q

Where can you find anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins

A

Often present in secretions (sweat, mucus, tears, saliva)

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6
Q

A type of innate immunity that is rich in positively charged aa residues

A

Anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins

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7
Q

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins disrupt?

A

microbial membranes

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8
Q

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins activate?

A

lytic proteins

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9
Q

What can anti-microbial Peptides and Proteins inhibit?

A

DNA/RNA/protein synthesis

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10
Q

What are anti-microbial peptides and proteins capable of doing in minutes?

A

Target lysis

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11
Q

What part of the innate immunity has a cascade effect?

A

Complement

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12
Q

What is complement a large group of?

What does it do when it recognizes a microbial cell?

A

Complement is a large group of soluble inactive proteins. When it recognizes a microbial cell it initiates a sequential cascade of proteolytic activation

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13
Q

What can you coat a target cell in so that it waves a flag

A

Coating of the target cell in complement protein fragments and eventual lysis

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14
Q

What two ways are recognition mediated in complement?

A
  1. direct binding of complement to a microbial cell surface

2. binding to antibodies that have coated a target cell

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15
Q

What part of the innate immune system is produced and released?

A

Soluble mediators

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16
Q

What does modulate physiology do?

A

Sends help signals

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17
Q

What part of the innate immunity indicates sickness in a blood test?

A

Soluble mediators

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18
Q

What does interferon do?

A

Induces a general anti-viral state

induces fevers

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19
Q

Non-clonal

A

Identical

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20
Q

Which part of the innate activates the adaptive?

A

Phagocytes and granulocytes

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21
Q

What part of the innate immune system does not require recognition

A

Barriers - keep everything out!

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22
Q

Does the innate immune system recognize specific pathogens?

A

Not per se.. they look for patterns

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23
Q

PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

24
Q

What are some PAMPs? (6)

A
  1. unmethylated CpG DNA
  2. Polysaccharides (cell wall)
  3. Lipids
  4. Double-stranded RNA
  5. Flagella
  6. Formylated peptides
25
Q

Does the innate immune system need to differentiate b/w pathogens?

A

No, just needs to know it is not self

26
Q

Opsonization

A

Make a foreign cell more susceptible to phagocytosis

27
Q

Why is there no advantage in keeping innate cells around?

A

Innate cells aren’t pathogen-specific

One neutrophil is as good as the next

28
Q

For innate immunity subsequent infections with the same pathogen result in the ——– response

A

SAME

no better, no faster

29
Q

What are the 3 soluble components of innate immunity?

A
  1. Anti-microbial peptides and proteins
  2. Interferon
  3. Complement
30
Q

What are the 4 cellular components of innate immunity?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Granulocytes
  3. NK cells
  4. Dendritic cells
31
Q

Response time of the innate? SHorter or faster than adaptive?

A

Can be immeditate
Can be min and hours
Shorter than adaptive

32
Q

How does innate immunity recognize targets?

A

PAMPS

33
Q

Why is the diversity of innate immunity limited?

A

Because you are born with it. It is germline encoded

34
Q

Does innate have memory?

A

Nope. none

35
Q

Is the immune response of the innate or adaptive better with an inital exposure?

A

Innate had a greater immune response to a pathogen on the first exposure

36
Q

Adaptive immunity is only present in …?

A

Vertebrates only (has a spine)

37
Q

What are the two main types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. B-Lymphocytes (antibodies)

2. T-Lymphocytes (cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytokines)

38
Q

What happens if the adaptive mistakes self for pathogen?

A

autoimmunity

39
Q

What happens if the adaptive mistakes pathogen for self?

A

immunosuppression

40
Q

Is target recognition in adaptive immunity specific?

A

YES very

41
Q

Which type of immunity requires billions of specific receptors? Why?

A

Adaptive

for specificity, we need immense diversity

42
Q

If each receptor had its own indv gene this would overwhelm the genome. What mechanism has the adaptive immunity done to combat this?

A

The immune system has evolved a mechanism for generating repertoire diversity through the rearrangement of small gene fragments

43
Q

What does rearranging small gene fragments result in?

A

limitless diversity

44
Q

How does the immune system learn if <0.01% of lymphocytes recognize any single pathogen?

A

In the rare event that one cell finds/recognizes, we tell it to replicate. We amplify the good cell BUT this takes time

45
Q

What are the 4 steps of clonal selection?

A
  1. A single progenitor cells give rise to a large # of lymphocytes, each with a diff specificity
  2. Removal of self-reactive immature lymphocytes by clonal deletion
  3. Pool of mature naiive lymphocytes
  4. Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells
46
Q

What is the downfall of clonal selection?

A

Takes time

BUT it is precise

47
Q

Is there an advantage to keeping adaptive immunity cells around?

A

YES, during an immune response some lymphocytes diversify into long-lived memory cells
The advantage is that keeping these cells around means that they are able to specifically recognize a pathogen with high efficiency (preprogrammed)

48
Q

How long can memory cells last?

A

Lifetime (basis of vaccines)

49
Q

What are the soluble components of the adaptive?

A

Antibodies

50
Q

What are the cellular components of the adaptive?

A

B and T Lymphocytes

51
Q

Response time of the adaptive?

A

Days

52
Q

Is the self discrimination of the innate or adaptive better?

A

Innate is better

Adaptive can have occasional failures such as autoimmunity and immunosuppression

53
Q

How does the diversity compare b/w the innate and adaptive?

A

Innate - limited (germline encoded)

Adaptive - unlimited (genetic rearrangement)

54
Q

Does the adaptive or innate immune respond better to secondary infections?

A

Adaptive

Faster and better b/c persistent memory

55
Q

2 ways the adaptive modulate the innate immunity?

A
  1. B-Lymphocytes produce highly specific antibodies that bind to target cells
    - complement activation
    - tagging targets for phagocytosis
  2. Activated T-lymphocytes produce Cytokines (soluble mediators) that modulate the ability of phagocytes to internalize and kill pathogens
56
Q

How does the innate modulate the adaptive? 2 reasons

A
  1. T-lymphocytes need to be activated by the phagocytosis and digestions of the pathogen by cells of the innate immune system
  2. Lymphocytes also need a second signal for full activation from the innate immune system

Immunology MDSC321 (27 decks)

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