Vaccinations Flashcards
Describe how a live attenuated vaccine works
utilise a weakened form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response akin to a natural infection without causing the disease
Who should not receive live attenuated vaccines
not recommended for individuals with compromised immune systems
Give examples of live attenuated vaccines
BCG
measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
influenza (intranasal)
oral rotavirus
oral polio
yellow fever
oral typhoid
Describe how inactivated vaccines work
pathogens have been killed, (by heat or chemicals)
to elicit an immune response
The immune response of inactivated vaccines is lower than that or live-attenuated vaccines. TRUE/FALSE?
TRUE
=> might require booster doses to maintain immunity
Examples of inactivated vaccines
rabies
hepatitis A
influenza (intramuscular)
Describe how toxoid vaccines work
- toxins are rendered harmless and used as antigens in the vaccine
=> body develops immunity against the toxic effects of infections
Do toxoid vaccines require booster doses?
Yes
- immunity weans over time
Examples of toxoid vaccines
tetanus
diphtheria
pertussis
What is a subunit vaccine?
- only part of the pathogen is used to generate an immunogenic response.
What is meant by a conjugate vaccine?
- bacterial polysaccharide outer coats is linked to proteins to make them more immunogenic
Give examples of conjugate vaccines
pneumococcus (conjugate)
haemophilus (conjugate)
meningococcus (conjugate)
Give examples of subunit vaccines
hepatitis B
human papillomavirus
Describe how mRNA vaccines work
introduce a piece of mRNA into cells which then produce a protein to trigger an immune response.
Give an example of an mRNA vaccine
some COVID-19 vaccines
