U.S. History Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Clues Deck
1
Q
What were the Progressives?
A
wished to check big business. Reformers from both parties. Those with ability should fight corruption. Focused on urban problems
2
Q
How did economic output change from 1900 to 1910?
A
Output increased by 85 percent and farm prices grew by 50 percent. Most people were better off
3
Q
How many cities did the US have with populations of over 100 thousand?
A
50 cities
4
Q
What were the Muckrakers?
A
Writers who made it a practice to expose the wrongdoings of public figures and corporations in business and politics between 1903 and 1909
5
Q
Who were some Muckrakers?
A
Samuel Adams, Ida Tarwell, Upton Sinclair
6
Q
What did Samuel Adams write in 1906?
A
The Great American Fraud
7
Q
Who wrote about Standard Oil abuses?
A
Ida Tarbell
8
Q
Who was Upton Sinclair?
A
Writer who drew attention to the bad conditions in meatpacking industry and how it was not only bad for workers but for consumers
9
Q
What did Upton Sinclair publish in 1906?
A
The Jungle
10
Q
What was Upton Sinclair worried about?
A
working conditions of workers. And meat packing conditions
11
Q
What was the Pure Food and Drug Act?
A
1906: government regulates some food and medicine industries to hold them to higher standards of quality; people had become upset about tainted milk that was killing some kids
12
Q
What was the Meat Inspection Act?
A
law passed that said government inspectors would be inspecting factory meat to make sure it’s safe to eat
13
Q
When was Ford Motor Company founded?
A
1903 by Henry Ford
14
Q
When was the assembly line established?
A
In 1913 by Henry Ford
15
Q
What is an oligopoly?
A
State of limited competition in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.
16
Q
What were some oligopolies?
A
Standard Oil, Consolidated Tobacco, and US Rubber
17
Q
What was the Triangle Shirtwaist company?
A
Located in NYC. Employed mostly young immigrant women. Terrible safety conditions and starvation wages. Women worked 12 hours a day every day of the week. 4 elevators, but only 1 worked and only 1 stairwell. 80 thousand protested for better conditions
18
Q
What was the Triangle Fire of 1911?
A
Broke out on the 8th floor. Women jumped from windows and down the elevator shaft because it could only hold 12 people. Lasted only 18 minutes. 39 women jumped down the elevator shaft. 58 women jumped out of windows to their death
19
Q
What was a consequence of the Triangle Fire?
A
people start demanding better work conditions, a week after the fire 80,000 people protested in New York
20
Q
How did immigration change from 1901 to 1910?
A
8.8 million new immigrants into the country. From 1911 to 1920, another 5.7 million arrive
21
Q
Where were these immigrants coming from?
A
Mostly Eastern Europe, and they were more likely to be Jewish or Catholic and were less educated than previous waves of immigrants
22
Q
How many new immigrants entered the country from 1900 to 1920?
A
14.5 million immigrants. More than ever before
23
Q
What were Birds of Passage?
A
Italian immigrants who came to the US to work, but weren’t intending to stay
24
Q
When did Mexican immigration take off?
A
After 1900.
25
How much of the Mexican population moved to the Southwest after 1900?
10 percent of the Mexican population
26
How did the Mexican immigrants help with the Southwest?
construction of highways and agriculture
27
What major strike happened in Lawrence, Massachusetts?
Workers of 25 different nationalities went on strike in 1912 against wage reductions and called the IWW for help. Achieved 25% raise. Lawrence had lots of textile mills
28
When was the silent movie. “Birth of a Nation” produced?
1915. Inspired a second Ku Klux Klan
29
What was "Birth of a Nation"?
early silent film, it depicted white Southerners as heroes and black people as rapists and criminals. Very racist but very popular
30
What was the political goal of progressivism?
sought cures for city, state, and national problems
31
What were the primary aspects of progressivism?
worried about industrialization, optimistic about human nature, wanted voluntary reform, believed in intervening in people's lives, use both science and religion to tackle social problems
32
Intellectual progressivism
believed in the power of reason instead of religion to solve problems
33
Cultural progressivism
new advances in literature, art, film, especially after WWI
34
What were different social justice movements?
Housing reform, child labor laws, and improved conditions of women
35
Who saw alcohol as evil?
Temperance advocates, churches
36
What was the Women’s Christian Temperance Union?
Wanted to eradicate alcohol. 19 states had prohibitions on alcohol
37
What was the 18th amendmant of 1920?
Prohibited the consumption or sale of intoxicating liquor.
38
What was the 19th amendment?
You could not deny someone the right to vote on account of sex
39
What was the 17th Amendment?
Direct election of senators
40
What were trusts?
Arangements that gave trustee legal power to manage someone else’s money or company without saying they own it.
41
What was trust busting?
Government action aimed at breaking up trusts and monopolies, which were both ways of consolidating wealth and keeping out competitors so robber barons could set the prices
42
What are examples of Roosevelt's trust busting?
Northern Securities Company, American Tobacco, DuPont, Standard Oil
43
When was the Northern Securities Company dissolved?
1904 under the Sherman Antitrust Act
44
What was the Anthracite Coalmine Strike of 1902?
United Mine Workers strike for better pay and fewer hours. Roosevent sent in commisioner of labor Carroll Wright to negotiate, which failed. Roosevelt then sent in federal troops to work the mines. A compromise was soon reached
45
Who were the United Mine Workers led by?
John Marshall
46
Who was the spokesperson for the coal mines?
George Baer
47
What was the Square Deal?
Roosevelt's domestic political plan: Conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection
48
What was the result of the 1904 election?
Roosevelt (Republican) ran against Alton Parker (Democrat) and Eugene Debs (Socialist). 336 electoral college votes for Roosevelt and 140 for Parker
49
Who saw socialism as the best alternative to capitalism?
Eugene Debs
50
Who organized the Social Deocratic Party?
Eugene Debs in 1896
51
Who organized the Socialist Party of America?
Eugene Debs in 1901
52
How many times did Eugene Debs run for president?
5 times
53
When had the social Democratic Party become the Socialist party?
1912
54
What did socialists want?
People to take control of the means of production and a graduated income tax. Wanted to see an end to the US Senate. Wanted president’s veto power to be gone and to keep congress from refusing legislation
55
How many acres of land were protected by 1901?
45 million.
56
How many acres of land were protected by 1908?
195 million
57
How many national forests were there by 1910?
149
58
What was a major part of Teddy Roosevelt's legacy?
Conservation of national forests
59
Why did Roosevelt decide to run again in 1912?
He wasn't happy with Taft. He failed to get a nomination
60
What was the Progressive Party?
Formed by Teddy Roosevelt in 1912. Had New Nationalism
61
What was the platform for the Progressive party?
New Nationalism
62
What were the main points of new nationalism?
Strong national government, social justice reforms, primary election of senators, corporate regulation, graduated income tax, banking reform, women's sufrage, and labor legislation
63
What was the platform for the Democratic Party?
New Freedom
64
What were the main points of new freedom?
Business competition and small government, prevent special privilege and restore competition, social justice reforms, and a free economy
65
What did Europeans think about war?
War was a thing of the past. They wanted progress, prosperity, and peace
66
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm the 2nd?
Leader of Germany. Wanted an empire like Britain’s
67
What was the Triple Alliance of 1882?
Alliamce between Germany, Austria Hungaian Empire, and Italy
68
Why were there so many ententes and alliances between 1882 and 1907?
Countries saw this as a way to avoid war and to ensure that if war did happen, they would have allies. France and England in particular were scared by the rise of a unified Germany
69
What was an Entente Cordial?
Agreement between Britain and France that said we should help each other out
70
What was the Bosnia crisis of 1909?
Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia after it's been under the control of the Ottomans, Bosnians and other Balkan states want independence
71
What was the event that began World War 1?
Archduke Franz Ferndinand was assasinated in Bosnia by Gavril Princip
72
What was the Black Hand?
Serbian nationalist organization (anti-empire, wanted Serbia to rule itself); Gavril Princip was a member of it
73
Why did Germany declare war on Russia?
Austria-Hungary had declared war on Serbia a few days before; Russia was an ally of Serbia and it started mobilizing to defend Serbia; Germany was an ally of A-H so it declared war on Russia
74
Why did Britain declare war on Germany?
alliances--it had alliances with Russia and France, also it wanted to protect Belgium's neutrality
75
Who were the allies of World War 1?
Britain, France, Russia, and Spain
76
Who were the central powers?
Germany, Austrian Hungaian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire
77
How long did World War 1 last?
4 years from 1914 to 1918
78
How many deaths resulted from World War 1?
20 million deaths
79
Why did trench warfare emerge?
weapons were so brutal that the only protection was to be underground; trenches provided some protection
80
What were new technologies in world war 1?
Tanks, flamethrowers, grenades, and aircrafts, and mustard gas
81
Who supported the Allied Powers during WW1?
The majority of Americans--they identified with England bc of shared history, language, culture
82
Who supported the Central Powers?
German Americans, Irish Americans.The German-Americans obviously supported Germany and the Irish supported Germany because they HATED England
83
How did Wilson try to balance US sovereignty with isolationism?
Wilson tried to stand up to Germany when he thought they were out of line, but not going as far as to declare war. He gave loans to both sides although way more in loans to the Allies
84
What was the RMS Lusitania?
British passenger ship with 2000 people
85
When did the Lusitania sink?
1915. German U boat torpedoed Lusitania. 1200 people died, including 128 Americans.
86
What pushed many Americans to go to war with Germany?
Lusitania sinking, Zimmerman telegram
87
Why did the US want to remain neutral?
US had a lot of immigrants from all over Europe with different loyalties, and a habit of being isolationist that went back to the Monroe doctrine (staying out of Europe's hemisphere and they stay out of the US's). Didn't want to become involved in a war that could be divisive to the US as well
88
What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
Germany says it will sink any boats in water around England--it's trying to starve Britain into submission and it thinks this will prevent neutral countries from trying to trade with England. It does the opposite because US is mad that its sovereignty is not being respected and says that if its ships are attacked, that will be an act of war
89
What was the Sussex Pledge?
Agreement that Germany would not attack ships without first searching them and providing time for crew and passengers to get off the ship. Revoked in 1917
90
What was the Zimmerman Telegram?
German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman proposes alliance between Mexico and Germany. If the US starts declaring war on Germany, get Mexico to declare war on the US. Germany receives an ally on Ameria’s border. Mexico receives Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
91
When was the fall of Russian Tzardom?
March 1917 when the Communist Revolution happened. Russia pulled out of the war. All major allies are now democratic
92
When did Congress declare war on Germany?
April 1917
93
What is the Comimitte on public information?
established during World War I to turn every channel of communication and education to promote the war effort.
94
What was the Espionage Act of 1917?
Outlawed disclosing information of military resources
95
What was the Sedition Act of 1918?
Made it illegal to speak out against how the government was controlling the war
96
What ws the Trading with the Enemy Act?
Gave Wilson the ability to control trade, even in the business sector
97
What was the War Industries Board?
Created to coordinate and channel production in the United States by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to support the war efforts of the United States and its allies.
98
What was the Food Administration Board?
Created to provide further for the national security and defense by encouraging the production, conserving the supply, and controlling the distribution of food products. Employed Herbert Hoover
99
What were Wilson’s 14 points?
Wilson's proposal for ending the war. Nations should be able to self determine. Free trade and freedom of the seas. Forming of the league of nations
100
What was the most important of Wilson’s 14 points?
Proposes a League of Nations
101
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
Ended World War 1. Germany’s military restricted to 100 men during the treaty of Versailles. Germany must pay reparations
102
How was the Treaty of Versailles different than what Wilson wanted?
Wilson didn't want Germany to be punished too severely but it got overruled by France and England, which were still mad at Germany. They saw Germany as the ones who started the war. Germany can't have a military, they are held responsible for all the war costs which destroys their economy
103
What was the 19th Amendment?
Granted women the right to vote. Ratified in 1920
104
What was the 48th state to ratify the 19th amendment?
Tennessee
105
What was the Red Scare?
Russian revolution of 1917 stoked fear of communist infiltration
106
How many communists were in the US in 1919?
60 thousand
107
Who was General Mitchell Palmer?
Predicted a communist upheaval in 1920. Illegally arrested and deported people
108
Who were Sacco and Vanzetti?
Italian immigrants and anarchists who wished for a socialist utopia in USA. Arrested for participating in a robbery in Massachusetts and murder
109
What was the Roaring Twenties?
Age of flappers, speakeasies, and soaring stock market
110
Why did the culture change so much in the 1920s?
US had lost more than 100,000 men in the war; people were questioning the institutions (government and religion) they had trusted, young men who had fought overseas had experienced European culture which was more relaxed, women had worked outside of the home and experienced more freedom--this led to a more relaxed relationships between the sexes--people start dating, drinking, it's OK for women to smoke and drink, dances become more active, women wearing shorter skirts
111
By 1920, what nation had the highest standard of living on Earth?
U.S.
112
By 1929, how many American families owned a vehicle?
Half of all American families
113
What were flappers?
Women with short hair, short skirts, make up, many smoked and drank alcohol
114
What did prohibition cause?
increased crime. Era of bootlegging
115
What was the 21st Amendmant?
Ended prohibition
116
When was the 18th Amendment ratified?
1919
117
Who founded the second Ku Klux Klan?
William J Simmons in 1915. Had 5 million members. Had to be a white Anglo Saxon to be a member.
118
What movie helped form the KKK?
Birth of a Nation; it presented black people as rapists and animals
119
Who did the KKK dislike?
Blacks, Jews, Catholics and immigrants
120
Where was the second KKK controlled?
Controlled legislatures in Texas, Oklahoma, Oregon, and Indiana
121
What did you have to do to me a member of the second KKK?
Sign a fee and be white
122
When did the second KKK end?
1930
123
What was the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921?
Restrict numbers of immigrants coming from Europe to 3% from each country based on the 1910 census
124
What was the National Origin Quota Act of 1924?
Promoted by the KKK and anti-immigrant feeling especially against Jewish and Catholic immigrants. Only 150 thousand from Europe. A country's immigration was capped at 2% of their numbers in the 1890 census.
125
Why were Mexicans exempted from immigration laws?
We still needed them for labor
126
What was the Scopes Trial?
John Scopes charged by state of Tennessee for teaching evolution in schools. Clarence Darrow defended him and William Jennings Bryan was the prosecution lawyer. Scopes was convicted, but released on technicality
127
When was the Republican Party dominant?
1920s. Controlled the White House from 1921 through 1933
128
When did Warren G Harding run?
1920 through 1923. Wanted to bring the US to how it was before the Great War
129
When did Calvin Coolidge run for president?
1923 through 1928. Promised a hands off approach to big business. Let the economy do what it wants.
130
Who was Herbert Hoover?
Ran from 1928 to 1932. Defeated Democratic candidate, Al Smith. First Quaker in office
131
What was the Bonus Army?
Hoover promised in 1924 that servicemen would receive a bonus for their service, in 1945
132
How were prices in 1929?
400% higher than in 1924. People would pass time with investing in stocks
133
What was the Great Depression?
Economic depression in 1929 where stocks collapse
134
What was Black Thursday?
In 1929, stocks lost half of their total value. Over 10 billion dollars vanished from the stock market within 5 hours. 16 million shares were traded.
135
What was the impact of the Great Depression?
Banks curtailed lending: global ripple effect. 26 thousand businesses failed and the economy fell by 50%
136
How many banks fell from 1929 to 1932?
5500 banks failed
137
What did Herbert Hoover push for?
Voluntary cooporation. The government should assist, not regulate businesses.
138
What were Hoovervilles?
shantytowns built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression
139
What was the Hawley Smoot Tariff?
Called for by Hoover. Raised already high taxes on imports.
140
How many Americans were unemployed by 1933?
25% or 13 million Americans
141
What did Franklin D Roosevelt say at the 1932 convention?
“I pledge you, I pledge myself to a New Deal for the American people”.
142
When did Franklin D Roosevelt take office?
1933
143
What was the Emergency Banking Act?
bank holiday where all banks were to be shut down. Only strong banks could reopen with federal support
144
What was the FDIC?
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
145
What were fireside chats?
Series of evening radio addresses given by Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944, so Americans get to hear him in the comfort of their own homes explaining how he's going to try to help their situation
146
How many new laws were made within the first 100 days of Roosevelt's presidency?
15 new laws
147
What was the First New Deal?
dealt with the pressing banking crisis through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act.
148
What was the Tennessee Valley Authority?
750 million works program to built hydroelectric dams in 7 states
149
What was the Civillian Conservation Corp?
employee program for young men 18-25 in rural towns
150
What was the National Industrial Recovery Act?
designed to cut down on competition between businesses. Fair competition, fixed wages and prices. Ruled unconstitutional
151
What was the Agricultural Adjustment Act?
solved overproduction to aid farmers
152
What was Dustbowl?
in the 1930s, drought covered virtually the entire plains for almost a decade. Resulted in agricultural depression, which contributed to the Great Depression bank closures, business losses, and increased unemployment
153
Who ran in 1928?
Huey Long. He wanted a Share Our Wealth program. Assasinated in Baton Rouge
154
Who was Huey Long?
Wanted a Share Our Wealth program. Everyone gets 2000 to 2500 dollars per year
155
What was the Social Security Act of 1935?
welfare system for elderly, disabled, and unemployed. Gave unemployment insurance funded through employer payroll tax.
156
What was the Wagner Act of 1935?
Allowed unions to organize without any government interference. You can’t use the power of the government to break up strikes
157
What was FDR’s court packing?
Wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 9 judges, to 15 judges. Wanted to also remove judges over 70 years old. Both parties were opposed
158
Who was John Maynard Keynes?
wrote the book, “The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money”. Argued large scale government spending necessary to sustain purchasing power and stimulate economic activity during downturns. Spend your way out of a recession.
