U.S. History Exam 1 - FLASHCARDS - Clues deck
When did the economy grow at its fastest rate in history?
From the 1870s to the 1880s.
By 1900, what dominated global markets?
American industries dominated global markets in thing like textiles, steel, cotton, oil, wheat, and timber. The United States market dominated other countries. This was called the second industrial revolution
By 1900, what other countries did the United State’s manufacturing output dominate?
United States manufacturing output was larger than Britain, France, and Germany’s combined
What were some reasons for the United States market growth?
Natural resources, labor supply, large markets, and increased capital.
When did industrial production rise by 4 percent annually?
From 1870 to 1910
What were major developments of the second industrial revolution?
- modern transportation such as automobiles and trolley lines, and better communication, such as railroads, steamships and telegraph cables. 2. invention of electricity increased the efficiency and power of machinery. 3. scientific research
Who patented the telephone in 1876?
Alexander Graham Bell
What did Graham Bell form in 1877?
Bell Telephone Company
Who established AT&T in 1885?
Alexander Graham Bell
How many telephones were in use by 1900?
800 thousand
What were some of Thomas Edison’s early inventions?
The stock ticker and electric vote recorder
Who invented the phonograph?
Thomas Edison in 1877
What was the importance of the phonograph?
You could record and play music
What was the first song ever recorded on the phonograph?
Mary had a little lamb
When did Edison build his industrial lab in New Jersey?
1887
What was the Edison Electric company?
Built by Thomas Edison in 1879. Eventually renamed General Electric
How many patents were granted to Edison?
Over 1000 patents in the United States
Where did Edison present his phonograph?
To the National Academy of Scientists with Ruthorford B Hayes and other congressmen
Who built the kinetiscope (early movies) in 1891?
Thomas Edison
Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Was self taught. Established Carnegie Steel
What type of company was Carnegie Steel?
A vertically integrated company
What is a vertically integrated company?
Form of business organization in which all stages of production of a good, from the acquisition of raw materials to the retailing of the final product, are controlled by one company.
Who was Carnegie Steel producing more than by 1900?
More than Britain
Who mastered telegraphy in the railroad business?
Andrew Carnegie
Who did Andrew Carnegie sell to?
U.S. steel in 1901
Who was the second richest man in the world in 1900?
Andrew Carnegie with a net worth of 298.3 billion
What was the Gospel of Wealth?
book by Andrew Carnegie that said rich people should invest their money in improving society
Who was John D Rockefeller?
owned Standard Oil which controlled 90% of oil production in the US
Who built an oil refinery in Cleveland?
John D Rockefeller in 1863
What did Standard Oil control by 1879?
Over 90 percent of the nation’s oil supply
What type of company did John D Rockefeller want?
A horizontally integrated company
What was a Robber Baron?
derogatory metaphor for social criticism applied to businessmen who used unscriptulous methods to get rich
What was a Captain of Industry?
A business leader whose means of amassing a fortune contributed positively to the country in some way. For example: productivity, market growth, jobs.
What was The Trust?
Arangement that gives trustee legal power to manage someone else’s money or company without saying they own it. Started by Samuel Todd in 1882
How many trusts did the Standard Oil company have?
9 shareholders and 41 companies under their control
When did Rockefeller retire and what was his fortune?
In 1897 with 318 billion in today’s money
What was the Rockefeller foundation?
Organization with the goal make the world a better place
What was the Gilded Age?
Growing division between rich and poor. By 1900, the top ten percent owned more than 3 quarters of the nation’s wealth. Growing middle class worked white collar jobs.
By 1900, how many more women had entered the workforce?
20 percent
What was the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
Workers for the Baltimore and Ohio railroad went on strike over pay reduction in West Virginia
How did the railroad strike of 1877 end?
West Virginia’s militia was called out, but refused to intervene because they were sympathetic to the strikers. Strike ended when President Hayes used federal troops. 100 people were killed and millions of dollars in damages.
What was the work day standard before 1900?
Ten hour day, six days a week
How much was the average worker making?
10,000 to 14,000
What was the Knights of Labor?
Union established in 1869 in Philadelphia. Opposed to violence, socialism, and preferred boycotts. Included skilled and unskilled workers.. Couldn’t get much done.
Who led the Knights of Labor?
Terence Powderly
How was the Knights of Labor’s image damaged?
Caused by the Haymarket Square Riot.
What was the Haymarket Square Riot?
In 1886, a labor rally in Chicago ended with someone throwing a bomb at police and police shooting a bunch of protesters.
What was the American Federation of Labor?
Formed in Columbus Ohio in 1886. Federation of separate unions. Wanted to improve wages and conditions. By 1924, one third of skilled workers were members
Who was the president of the American Federation of Labor?
Samuel Gompers
Why were there so many labor conflicts in the late 1800s?
Laborers knew how rich the companies were and they weren’t getting a decent share of it. They would protest or strike and the factory owners often responded with violence.
What was the Homestead Steel Strike of 1892?
Strike at Carnegie Steel. Factory foreman Henry Frick reduced his workers’ pay 20 percent, which caused them to go on strike.
How did Carnegie respond to the Homestead Strike?
He hired 300 Pinkerton agents as strikebreakers, who wouldn’t be sympathetic to the strikers, like the police had before
What was the Pullman Strike of 1894?
Workers were upset with wage reductions after the Panic of 1893.
Who did the Pullman workers join with?
The American Railroad Union
Why were the Pullman workers so angry?
Pullman owned the whole town the workers lived in, including all housing, hotels, church, banks, etc. He lowered wages but he didn’t lower rent so workers were squeezed between high rent and low wages.
Who was George Pullman?
Invented the sleeping car. By 1867, formed his Pullman palace car company
Who was Eugene Debs?
President of the American Railroad Union
What did the Pullman Company own?
Towns with banks, churches and bars–the company owned everything. When wages went down, rents stayed the same.
What did George Pullman oppose?
Rough urban neiborhoods, saloons, and dance halls
What type of system did Pullman want?
A paternalistic system. Someone acts as the matriarch/patriarch whom employees must trust, obey and be loyal to.
What was the crop-lien system?
Merchants provided goods to borrow for a share of the crop.
What was the south’s economy like soon after the Civil War?
Largely agricultural
What was the average income of white southerners in 1900?
1/2 of those living outside of the south
By 1900, how many farmers owned the land they worked?
30 percent. 70 percent of farmers didn’t own the land they worked
What was Negrophobia?
Increased resentment of African American financial success and political influence
What was the Mississippi Plan of 1875?
Series of constitutional amendmants to keep African Americans from voting. They had to live in the same election district, couldn’t vote if convicted of a crime, poll taxes, and had to take a literacy test. Nine other states made variations of this plan
What was Louisiana’s Grandfather Clause?
If your grandfather could vote prior to January 1867, you automatically had the right to vote. This automatically ruled out most black people since before 1867 the majority of them had been either enslaved or couldn’t vote even if there were free (15th amendment not passed until 1870). Applied to whites.
How had the number of black votes changed by 1900?
Black votes across the south had fallen by 62 percent
What were some of the ways blacks were discouraged from voting?
literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll tax, lynching/night riding to scare them
What was the Civil Rights Cases of 1883?
Supreme Court ruled the 14th amendment did not prevent individuals or organizations from racially discriminating
What was Cumming Vs Richmond Co. Board of Education?
Supreme Court sanctioned racial segregation in schools
What was the Plessy Vs Ferguson ruling of 1896?
Ruled that it wasn’t a violation of the 14th amendment to have separate but equal facilities. Upheld racial segregation on trains, buses, and public places
What were Jim Crow Laws?
Laws enforcing racial segregation beginning in the 1890s. Those who fought back were lynched. From 1890 to 1899, 188 a year were lynched
Who was Sam Hose?
Man who was murdered in Newman, Georgia in 1899
What was the Tuskegee Institute of Alabama?
A black school devoted to training teachers trying to educate the African American community. Ran by Booker T Washington
What became the hub for black community?
Churches
What was the Atlanta Compromise speech of 1895?
Speech given by Booker T Washington, that said that blacks should obtain social responsibility and need to work from the bottom to top to achieve self improvement, not through agitation. It was given to persuade the citizens to end the idea of segregation and promote cooperation
Who was Booker T Washington?
Believed hard work was necessary to climb social ladder, which led to civil rights
Who was WEB Du Bois?
Rejected Booker T Washington’s approach. Wanted to asses the lives of urban blacks in the city of Philadelphia. Published the Philadelphia Negro in 1898
What two works did Du Bois publish?
Philadelphia Negro and Souls of Black Folk
What did The Souls of Black Folk argue?
African Americans should fight for civil rights, demand for equal rights and schools
What was Manifest Destiny?
God given right to expand westward across the continent and tame the western landscape to the Pacific
Who coined the term Manifest Destiny?
John Louis O’Sullivan in 1845
When did the Anglo Saxon race think they were superior?
In the mid-1800s. Non-whites were seen as savages
What was Phrenology?
Head measurements to distinguish race and mental ability
What was polygenism?
4 different races: Caucasian, Mongolian (Asian), American Indian, and African, created separately by God
Who was Charles Caldwell?
Believed Africans were tameable due to physiological and genetic differences. Advocated polygenism which says the four different races are different species
What was the 1867 peace commission?
Congress was afraid that conflict between farmers and natives would keep happening, so they created a peace commission that created reservations to isolate the tribes and get them to farm like white Americans
What was the Battle of Little Big Horn?
Although the Indians had more men, Custer thought that because they had better weapons, they would be able to defeat a larger army. However, it doesn’t go as planned and Custer and all of his men are killed
What happened when Custer arrive to capture the Indians at Big Horn?
Arrived on the banks of the Little Big Horn river with 265 men. Surrounded by 3000 Indians. Custer and all of his men were killed
Where did the Nez Perce tribe arrive in 1877?
Led by Chief Joseph, forced from Oregon, to live in Oklahoma territory. Chief Joseph traveled to Washington DC every year to give a speech begging for his Oregon land back
What were ghost dances?
Told of a day when whites had completely disappeared and the Buffalo had returned. Free of oppression and conflict.
What was the Wounded Knee Massacre?
Massacre against the Lakota indians by the US government. Army started shooting at them and killed more than 250 men, women, and children. 14 soldiers lost their lives and 25 were awarded medals of honor
What was the Carlisle Indian School?
Founded by Richard Pratt. Beginning of a trend of sending Indian children to boarding schools to assimilate. They would lose their culture and not fit into either white or Indian societies. Considered a huge human rights violation now.
Why did we assimilate native Americans?
Goal was to keep them away from their families and communities so they wouldn’t know the language, religion, culture
What was Carlisle Barracks?
First off reservation Indian boarding school. Taught machine repair, farming, English language
What was Pratt’s model?
Kill the Indian save the man, meaning he thought the only way the Indian could be civilized is if he gave up his way of life and assimilated with white society
What was the Dawes Act of 1887?
Granted voluntary removal of native Americans to 160 acres of land. After 25 years of living on that land, they would be given citizenship
Why did the Dawes Act fail?
The plots of land were too small for sustainable agriculture. The Native American Indians lacked tools, money, experience or expertise in farming.
When was the end of the frontier?
When the Census Bureau announced it in 1890
How much land was settled by Whites between 1870 and 1890?
430 million acres
What was the California Gold Rush of 1849?
When James Marshall discovered gold in the Sacremento valley. The news of gold brought 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.
What was the Homestead Act of 1862?
160 acres of land for anyone who lived on land for over 5 years
How many acres of land were awarded through the Homestead Act between 1862 and 1900?
500 million acres of land
What was the National Reclamation Act of 1902?
Allowed for public sale of land and money to be used in irrigation projects to aid farmers in 16 western states
What lecture did Frederick Jackson Turner deliver in Chicago in 1893?
“The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
What were some arguements of Turner’s thesis?
He only talked about whites moving out west, not blacks or native Americans. They believe the west wasn’t the key to American history. He doesn’t talk about the second industrial revolution, slavery, or immigration.
How did the urban population grow from 1865 to 1900?
from 8 million people to 30 million people
By 1920, how many Americans were living in cities?
Over 1/2 of all Americans
What 3 cities had populations of 1 million by 1900?
New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia
How did the New York City population grow from 1800 to 1880?
Doubled each decade
How did New York deal with the massive ppulation growth?
Construction of tenements
What were tenements?
Low-rise apartment buildings 8 stories high with 30 four room apartments packed into a small lot
By 1890, what percentage of dwellings in NYC were tenements
1/2 of all NYC dwellings were tenements
What were the drawbacks of tenements?
cramped, little air, poor construction, poor light
What was the Tenement House Act of 1867?
Set construction regulations and required 1 toilet for every 20 people
Who was Jacob Riis?
Published “How the Other Half Lived” in 1889, which helped inspire future reforms
How many children died in the tenements before what age?
One in every ten children died before the age of 1
How many people had filterted water in 1900?
Only 1 in every 100 Americans
When were the first sewer lines?
By 1875
When did trash collection begin?
By 1900
What were some illnesses caused by dirty water?
Cholera, typhoid & dysentery
What were some results of these bad conditions?
Growth in crime, suicide, and alcoholism
How many saloons did Chicago have in 1905?
Chicago had as many saloons as grocery stores, dry goods stores, and meat markets combined. One for every 50 people
By 1900, how many residents from cities were foreign born?
Nearly 30 percent
What five countries made up the bulk of immigration?
Germany, Britain, Ireland, Italy, and Austrian Hungarian Empire
From 1820 to 1930, how many people left their countries and how many traveled to the USA?
62 million left their countries and 40 million traveled to America
By 1890, what percent of the population was foreign born?
15 percent of the population was foreign born. 4 out of every 5 people
What was Ellis Island?
Opened in 1892 as a main point of entry for immigrants
What were the Old Immigrants?
Immigrants prior to the 1880s. Came from Northern and Western Europe. Mostly catholic and Protestant.
What were New Immigrants?
Immigrants after 1890. Came from Southern and Eastern Europe. Primarily Orthodox Christian, Jewish, and Roman Catholic. Many were unskilled men.
What was the Panic of 1893?
Economic depression when 3.5 million immigrants came from Eastern Europe
Why were New immigrants viewed as bad?
People thought they were members of distinct race and were viewed as less civilized and a danger to democracy. Anti-Catholicism & Anti- Semitism became popular
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act if 1882?
Barred all Chinese from the US for 10 years. First federal law against a specific group of people based on race. Renewed in 1902 with the Geary Act
What was the Immigration Restricton League of 1894?
Required literacy tests for immigrants passing through Ellis Island. Grover Cleveland vetoes it because it was against immigrant traditions
What did Charles Darwin write that theorized biological evolution?
“On the Origin of Species” in 1859
What was Social Darwinism?
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Advocated by Herbert Spencer
What was reform Darwinism?
Idea that cooperation would best promote progress, not competition
What was the Pendleton Act (Civil Service Act)?
competitive exams to get officials appointed to power. Officials appointed on merit
How were jobs in government given before that?
patronage–it was a bribe or a favor for supporting a candidate
How did farmland grow between 1860 and 1890?
The amount of farmland on the frontier tripled. The frontier grew from 407 million acres to 828 million acres. Much more land in cultivation
What were the farmers upset with?
They are upset that railroad companies were charging huge fees to get their grain to market. They also thought it was unfair that the government was involved in special interest and tariffs. Government made foreign machinery expensive. Soon a system of sharecropping emerged
What was the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange Movement) of 1867?
Addressed problems with farmers living on the frontier
What were the farmers alliances?
First founded in Texas in 1870s. Sought to improve the economic conditions for farmers through the financing and political advocacy.
By 1900, how many Americans were farmers?
50 percent
Where did farmers alliances meet in 1890?
Ocala, Florida
When did the Populist party form and what from?
Formed from the Farmers’ Alliances in 1890
What did the populist party want?
Wanted government to ensure best prices for crops, end to protective tariffs, free coinage of silver, system of national banks, federal income tax, direct election of senators, and tighter railroad regulation
Who was Mary Elizabeth Lease?
Leader of the populist party in Kansas
How did the populists do in the 1890 midterm elections?
In Kansas, 4 out of the 8 congressmen were populists. They got Democrats to support them in order to get their votes
What did the populists stand for?
Represented the people
When did the Populists become a party?
1892, through the Omaha convention
What did the populists propose?
Direct election of US senators, government control of currency, graduated income tax, low-cost public financing, recognition of workers and right to form labor unions, and public ownership of railroads
Who was James Weaver?
First 3rd party candidate to get 1 million votes. Ran for the populist party
Did people in cities support the populists
No. Rural areas had their support
What was the 1896 presidential election?
Populists surrendered their identity and allied with the Democrats to choose William Jennings Bryan.
What was the Cross of Gold Speech?
Speech by William Jennings Bryan at the Democratic Convention in 1896, that advocated bimetallism. Wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the United States dollar to a gold standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in debt.
What were the results of the 1896 election?
The populist party came to an end
Who was Alfred Mahan?
Wrote “The Influence of Sea Power
upon History” in 1890
What did Alfred Mahan argue?
No nation could prosper without a large fleet of merchant ships protected by a powerful navy
What was the US Navy ranked in 1890?
3rd in the world behind Britain and Germany
What did Alfred Mahan say made a man a man?
Military service
What was Hawaii known as to many?
The crossroads of the Pacific
When did American involvement in Hawaii begin?
In the 1830s when religious groups founded schools to try and americanize the Hawian people
What was Hawaii’s main export?
Sugarcane
What did Americans bring to Hawaii?
When Americans came to work sugar plantations, they brought diseases that the Hawian people weren’t immune to
Who was David Kalakaua?
Became king of Hawaii and fought to maintain Hawian sovereignty
What was the Hawiian League?
Forced King Kalakaua to sign the Bayonet Constitution at gunpoint in 1887
What did the Bayonet Constitution allow?
Power to be taken from the king, Native Hawaiian land rights taken away, and gave the vote to foreign landowners. Shifted power from monarch to legislature
Who was Robert Wilcox?
Organized an uprising to end the Bayonet Constitution. Arrested with 80 other men.
Who replaces King Kalakaua?
Queen Liliuokalani ssumed the throne in 1891.
In 1893, what does Sanford Dole form?
Provisional government to force the queen from power. She was trying to regain control of Hawaii
Why did the first attempt to annex Hawaii not work?
Cleveland withdrew treaty of annexation request and restored queen.
When did Sanford Dole declare himself president of the republic of Hawaii?
1894
When did Congress approve the annexation of Hawaii?
1898 through joint resolution
When did Hawaii become a territory?
1900 with Dole as governor
What was happening in Cuba before the Spanish-American War?
90 percent of Cuba’s exports went to the USA and 40 percent of imports came to the USA. There was 12 times the number of exports came to USA than Spain
What was yellow journalism?
Focuses on sensational storylines, rather than evidence or facts
How did yellow journalism lead to the Spanish American War?
It said the Spanish blew up the USS Maine
What did McKinley send to Cuba to protect Americans?
USS Maine
Where did the USS Maine explode?
Exploded in Havana harbor in 1898.
What was found the be the cause of the explosion of the USS Maine?
Mixed reports. Some think it was an external explosion. Some think it came from inside the ship.
What was the Teller Amendment?
Ensured the US wouldn’t remain in Cuba after the war. Use as much military action as needed to ensure Cuban independence
When did the Spanish American War begin?
1898
What was the Open Door Policy?
Called for protection of equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Uprising against foreigners that occurred in China about 1900, begun by peasants but eventually supported by the government. A Chinese secret society known as the Boxers embarked on a violent campaign to drive all foreigners from China. Several countries sent 20,000 troops to halt the attacks.
