HIST Exam 3 - FLASHCARDS - Clues Deck
1
Q
What was the Kellogg Briand Pact of 1928?
A
Called for elimination of war as tool for foreign policy
2
Q
Why was the Kellogg Briand Pact significant?
A
It showed America’s desire to be isolationist again–didn’t want to get involved in international affairs, same reason they didn’t join the League of Nations
3
Q
What factors led to American isolationism?
A
Great Depression which turned focus back to US; wanting to invest economically in Europe but not get involved in their politics
4
Q
What was Japan’s buildup to war?
A
Militarists dominated government, left League of Nations, and invaded China.
5
Q
What were the Axis powers?
A
Germany, Italy, and Japan
6
Q
Who did Hitler blame for Germany’s problems?
A
The Jews
7
Q
When does Japan invade China?
A
1937
8
Q
What was the Weimar Republic of Germany?
A
the democracy that existed between the end of WWI and the rise of Nazis–weak democracy because of economic problems but had a period of artistic and cultural vibrancy
9
Q
What was the Nazi party known as?
A
National Socialist German Workers Party
10
Q
What characterized Europe in the 1930s?
A
nationalism, fascism, Great Depression led to rise in charismatic dictators like Hitler and Mussolini
11
Q
Who was Benito Mussolini?
A
Published a socialist newspaper. Went from anti-war to pro-war. Kicked out of the Socialist party. Formed a group called the Fighting Leagues, creating the Fascist party.
12
Q
What were the blackshirts?
A
marched on the capital of Rome. Mussolini ruled over Italy from 1923 to 1943 as a Fascist leader
13
Q
What did Mussolini want to build?
A
an empire in the sun. Invades Ethiopia in 1935
14
Q
What was the Nye Committee?
A
investigated US munitions dealers and claimed enormous profits made during the war. Bankers, munitions workers were Merchants of Death
15
Q
What were the neutrality acts?
A
1935, 1936, and 1937. Banned sale of arms and weapons to nations of war. Warned Americans not to sail on belligerent ships. Banned loans to countries of war. Forbade American ships to carry goods or passengers to ports of nations at war or in a civil war.
16
Q
When did Hitler annex Austria and Czechoslovakia?
A
1938
17
Q
What was the Munich Conference?
A
Hitler agreed to not seize any more countries. He broke that promise but England was desperate not to go to war again after losing so many men in WWI
18
Q
What started World War 2 in Europe?
A
Invasion of Poland in 1939. Britain and France declare war on Germany
19
Q
What was blitzkrieg?
A
“lightning war,” German attacks that were fast and intense, usually by air
20
Q
What was the Tripartite Pact?
A
agreement by Japan/Germany/Italy to be allies, deter US from entering war
21
Q
What was the Battle of Britain?
A
German against British Air Force. British defeated Germany because of radar.
22
Q
What was the 1940 presidential election?
A
Roosevelt announced he wanted to run for a third term. Ran against Wendell Wilkie and won. First time a president served more than two terms
23
Q
What was the Lend Lease Act?
A
Military aid to powers fighting the Axis powers, as long as it was returned after the war. This was Roosevelt’s way of helping England for as long as they needed it without violating Neutrality Acts which said you couldn’t sell weapons to countries at war
24
Q
What was Operation Barbarossa?
A
largest invasion where 3 million German troops invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. 80% of the U.S. wanted to stay neutral.
25
What did the U.S. do to support the Allies before they declared war?
the Lend-Lease Act allowed them to send a lot of money and help to the Allies; started attacking German submarines
26
Why didn't the US get in the war earlier?
polls showed 80% of Americans opposed to entering the war
27
Who did Hitler blame for Germany's problems?
Treaty of Versailles and the Jews
28
What agreement did Hitler make with Stalin?
non-aggression pact in which they agreed not to fight each other
29
What happened to the nonaggression pact?
Hitler thought Russia was week so he attacked it in 1941, opening up a second front
30
What exports did America limit to Japan?
Japan was very dependent on the U.S. for resources. Limited petroleum and scrap metal, banned sale of aviation gasoline. Froze all Japanese assets in the United States. Japan sent envoys to the U.S. to negotiate.
31
Why did the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor?
They were afraid of the U.S. entering the war, so they chose to attack the U.S. navy
32
What was the attack on Pearl Harbor?
In 1941, Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor destroying 14 ships, 188 planes, and killing 2500 men.
33
What was the America First Committee?
isolationist group opposed to entering the war; supported by Charles Lindbergh and also by some people who had pro-Nazi sympathies; committee disbanded after Pearl Harbor attack
34
Who was in command of Allied troops?
General Dwight Eisenhower
35
What was the Battle of Stalingrad?
Russia defeated Germans and advanced into Eastern Europe. Major defeat for Germans they never really recover from
36
What was the Battle of Coral Sea?
U.S. naval airplanes affected Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby, New Guinea
37
What was the Battle of Midway?
Victory for the U.S. at Midway aided by superior air power. Turning point where U.S. starts winning
38
What did the War Production Board do?
Tax credits for businesses, awarded lucrative contracts for urgently needed goods. War bonds covered half of the cost of the war and increased income tax covered the rest. Class taxation changed to mass taxation.
39
What was the War Manpower Commission?
Helped ensure a large army ready and able to fight.
40
How did home industry contribute to the war?
American factories met needs of military and out producing Japanese factories. Built ships faster than Germans could sink them (1 ship per day)
41
What was unemployment in 1943?
2%--the war was really good for the US economy and basically ends the Depression
42
When did hatred for the Japanese grow?
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor
43
How many Japanese Americans lived in California?
70% (2/3 native born) 110 thousand people of Japanese descent (1/3 Japanese born)
44
What was Executive Order 9066?
Expelled all Japanese from west coast
45
What were Japanese internment camps?
110,000 removed to detention centers in 7 western and southern states.
46
What was Korematsu vs USA?
Supreme court said concentration camps were constitutional
47
What was D Day?
June 6, 1944. Large force of Allied troops (6,000 ships) to cross the English Channel hoping to catch Hitler by surprise. Major land invasion of Europe that the US had been wanting. Also known as Operation Overlord. 4500 British lost their lives on the first day. Germans pushed back
48
What was the Battle of the Bulge?
Last major German offensive. Germans failed
49
What were postwar goals of the Soviet Union?
The Soviet Union were determined to control Eastern Europe and wanted to prevent another Western attack with satellite states loyal to Russia.
50
What was the Yalta Conference?
Feb 1945, discussing postwar world. Held in Crimea. Russia refused to grant self government to Balkan states and Poland. Russia agreed to enter war in the Pacific against Japan three months after Germany fell. Members were Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Stalin
51
What was the significance of the Yalta conference?
It was clear that the Allies were going to win and they were planning out the postwar world. Negotiations are basically between Stalin and Roosevelt
52
What was the 1944 presidential election?
FDR ran for fourth term and defeated Thomas Dewey, but died of a stroke in 1945. Truman succeeded him and was informed of secret Manhattan Project
53
What was the bombing of Hiroshima?
August 6th. “Little Boy” bomb dropped on Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing 80 thousand people
54
What was the bombing of Nagasaki?
August 9th. “Fat Man” atomic bomb dropped on Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing 45 thousand people
55
What was the Potsdam Conference of 1945?
Discussion on how to administer defeated Germany. Final big 3 meeting. Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Harry Truman. West Germany controlled by British. East controlled by Soviet Union
56
What was the Iron Curtain speech?
speech by Winston Churchill. Increased mistrust between Stalin and the west. Said there was
57
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Offered help to any country struggling with communist insurgencies
58
How did Truman become president?
FDR got elected to fourth term in 1944 but died a few months later; Truman was VP and became president
59
What major was decision did Truman make?
deciding to drop atomic bombs on Japan
60
What was Truman's major civil rights contribution?
desegregating the military
61
What happened in 1948?
Truman was predicted to lose against Dewey but won by a tiny margin
62
What was the Marshall Plan?
General George Marshall planned to rebuild Europe with 13.3 billion dollars in financial and material aid. Soviets rejected aid
63
What was NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Intergovernmental military alliance between USA, Canada and 10 western European nations. If you attack one of us, you attack all of us
64
When was NATO formed?
1949
65
What was the Berlin Blockade?
Response to the change in German currency. Stalin blocked road, rail and canal sectors of Berlin under western control
66
What was the Berlin Airlift?
3 parts. 277,246 flights of aid, sending food to Berlin people trapped by Soviets
67
What was the presidential election of 1948?
Harry Truman ran against Thomas Dewey and won. Certain that Truman would not be reelected.
68
When was the Cold War global?
1953
69
What was the National Security Act?
Department of Def unified armed forces. Air Force, Navy, and ______ popular. Created CIA and NSC
70
When did the Soviets explode their first atomic bomb?
1950
71
What was National Security Council 68?
Called for permanent military buildup of the United States to persue against communism
72
What was agreed at the Yalta Conference?
The Soviet Union could regain supplies lost in fighting against Japanese
73
What were the soviet satellite states?
Countries under Russian influence. Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Czechslovakia
74
What was the Korean War?
Korean divided into Soviet and Allied zones (communist in north and anti-communist in south)
75
When did the Korean War start?
In 1950 when North invades South
76
When does China enter the Korean War?
When General MacArthur launched counterattack at Chinese border
77
What was the 1953 armistice between North and South Korea?
Temporarily ended conflict. 33 thousand US deaths, 1 million Korean deaths, and 2 million civilians
78
What was the Employment Act of 1946?
Authorized the President and the Federal Government to spend federal dollars to promote the maximum amount of employment, production and purchasing power possible.
79
What was the GI Bill of Rights?
Provided opportunities for military veterans and their families: paid for college and provided low-cost home loans so helped build the postwar middle class
80
What was the Fair Deal?
Truman talks about the need for national health insurance, continue new deal benefits, civil rights, increase federal aid for education, and to expand the Tennessee valley authority to continue to try to electrify the south of the country
81
What were the Dixiecrats?
Democrats who oppose civil rights, mostly in the South
82
What was the House Un-American Activities Committee?
1047. House committee to try to identify any communists in government and media; investigated people during second red scare; investigated Hollywood and ten directors/writers refused to testify and were jailed for a year; Hollywood Ten were seen as heroes by a lot of people
83
What was the second red scare?
started after WW2, fear of communism in Soviet Union which gets nuclear weapons in 1950 and China going communist in 1949; Truman sets up loyalty review of government employees in 1947; HUAC formed 1947; McCarthy holds hearings claiming there are communists in State Dept and gets reprimanded in 1954
84
Who was Senator Joseph McCarthy?
Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed 205 members of State Dept were communist sympathizers. Made a big name for himself, tried to make Democrats look weak on communism; investigations found nothing; then accused the military of having communists and got reprimanded by Senate
85
What was the Whittaker Chambers case of 1948?
Whittaker Chambers was an ex-communist (worked for Time magazine) who claimed that in the 1930s, Alger Hiss gave him classified documents to pass to the Soviets. Hiss worked for FDR. Hiss denied everything but then Chambers showed the committee the papers Hiss had given him, which he had hidden in a pumpkin. Hiss goes to jail for perjury. THIS was the case that made people paranoid about communists in government
86
What was the 1952 presidential election?
Dwight Eisenhower defeats Adlai Stevenson
87
What was the golden age of capitalism?
60% enjoyed a middle class lifestyle. Poverty declines
88
What did the GNP do by 1960?
double
89
What was the flight to the suburbs?
By 1960, 1/3 of all Americans were living in the suburban rings
90
What made the flight to the suburbs possible?
affordable cars and cheap housing, highway stations
91
What was the baby boomer population by 1964?
76.4 million baby boomers. 40% of population
92
What did the bay boom lead to a shortage of?
schools--lots of investment in infrastructure like schools and libraries to accommodate this
93
What was average family population in the 1960s?
larger than before--in the 1930s it was 1-2 children because of the Great Depression; baby boom is a sign of peace and prosperity, people feel good about the future and they have more kids
94
How did the economy grow in the 1950s?
Construction soared. Factories produced consumer goods, government spending stimulated the economy, savings high due to WW2
95
What were Levittowns?
planned communities, allowed for massive home building where homes all followed same model. 4 room dwellings, affordable suburbs
96
By 1960, how many homes were using the Levittown method?
3 out of every 5
97
What was the primary identifying feature of Americans?
religion
98
What was the Sputnik?
Soviet Union launched space age in 1957 by launching Sputnik, first satellite around the earth. Americans worried Soviets were getting ahead in the space race which led to investment in science education
99
What were the beatniks?
counterculture--thought the culture valued conformity and tradition too much. Fought against consumerism, social norms. They were into self-discovery, individualism
100
What was Jack Kerouac’s novel, On the Road?
says that pop culture is intellectually bankrupt/has no value
101
What was the Presidential Commission on Civil Rights?
Created by Truman, to try to improve the lives of African Americans. Government should shut off any aid to states that were still segregating. However, thwarted in Congress due to states’ rights movement
102
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
Grandson of a slave. Opposed to separate but equal and that it was harmful to children’s self esteem; he was a lawyer for NAACP, in 1960s becomes first black Supreme Court justice
103
What was one of the biggest Supreme Court cases?
Brown vs Board of Education in Topeka Kansas
104
Who was Oliver Brown?
Challenges school segregation in Topeka Kansas in 1954
105
What case did Brown v Board overturn?
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) which said separate but equal was constitutional
106
How did the Supreme Court rule on Brown v Board?
Agreed 9/0 that separate but equal was a violation of the 14th amendment.
107
What was the basis for the ruling?
Fourteenth Amendment--equal protection under the law, states can't deny protection to citizens
108
What was Little Rock High School?
9 black students enrolled in central high school to test the SC ruling in 1957. Governor Orval Faubus, Capital Citizens Council, and the Mothers League were opposed. National guard called down to prevent 9 students from entering.
109
How did Eisenhower respond to the Central High School protests?
Protests broke out, and on September 24, Eisenhower dispatched 1200 federal troops to make sure the students got access to the building
110
What was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
On Dec 1, 1955, black people were forced to sit separately at the back of the bus. Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat. Parks then arrested and calls Edward David Nixon to bail her out. A boycott was then called, in which 40,000 participated. Boycott went on for 381 days. Rosa parks lost her job and had to flee the state in fear of being lynched
111
Who was Rosa Parks?
Refused to give up her seat on a bus in 1955. She was then arrested and fined. By 1943, joined the NAACP
112
What was the Montgomery Improvement Association?
Created to handle bus boycott. Elected Martin Luther King Jr to be their president, he was just a 26-year-old pastor at the time
113
Who created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference?
Created by Martin Luther King Jr. Stressed non violent civil disobedience. Leadership made up mostly of black Southern pastors
114
What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee?
student branch of the civil rights movement--a little more radical, interracial, mostly college students who lead a lot of the protests, also emphasizes nonviolence
115
What were the Greensboro sit-ins?
lunch counter sit-ins in Greensboro, NC in 1960. Students protested segregation at lunch counters. Leads to formation of SNCC
116
What was one of the closest presidential elections in history?
1960 presidential election. John F Kennedy vs Richard Nixon
117
Who was the first Catholic president?
John F Kennedy
118
When was the first televised debate?
1960. Those who watched it on television thought Kennedy won, and those who listened to it on the radio thought Nixon won. 90% of U.S. households owned a television
119
How did Kennedy want to help the rest of the world?
Wanted to send supplies to 3rd world countries
120
What did Kennedy do in 1963?
Approved South Vietnam coup against Ngo Dinh Diem (Vietnam War)
121
What did Kennedy do on civil rights?
in 1963, proposes civil rights legislation to desegregate public places and protect voting rights. Can't get it through Congress before he is killed. LBJ gets it passed in 1964 (Civil Rights Act) and 1965 (Voting Rights Act).
122
What was the Bay of Pigs?
1400 Cuban exiles failed to overthrow Castro and his communists. US government had backed those exiles and Soviet Union criticized US for getting involved
123
What was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?
American U2 spy plane took over 1000 photos of 24 Cuban missile sites and 40,000 soviet troops in Cuba. Kennedy called for a quarantine of Cuba and demanded removal of missiles already in Cuba. If the Russians didn’t cooperate, the U.S. would invade. Closest the US ever comes to war with Soviet Union. Kruschev removes missiles, US removed missiles we had in Turkey
124
What was Freedom Rides?
In 1961, Congress of Racial Equality sponsored freedom rides which were interracial groups riding interstate buses to challenge segregation laws
125
How were freedom rides successful?
ICC banned segregation at bus and train station terminals
126
What was the March on Washington?
200,000 people descend on the capital in 1963 in favor of civil rights. Where Martin Luther KIng Jr gave his I Have a Dream speech. It was the march for jobs and freedom and the biggest civil rights march ever at that point
127
Who was George Wallace?
Only person in Alabama’s history to serve for Governor 4 times. Was a populist and segregationalist who promised to protect Alabama’s Anglo Saxon population from communism.
128
What was the stand at the schoolhouse door?
Wallace attempted to block two black students from enrolling at University of Alabama. In 1968, got 13% of popular vote. Paralyzed by gunman in 1972
129
What was the Birmingham Church Bombing?
In 1963, 4 African American girls were killed by a KKK bomb left at Baptist church on 16th street. Massive protests later happened
130
When was Kennedy assasinated?
1963. Lee Harvey Oswald was the organizer of the crime. Johnson becomes president for a year and then wins reelection on his own in 1964
131
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
Outlawed segregation in public facilities and established Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
132
What was domino theory?
Belief that if one country fell to communism, it would create domino effect and others around it would fall. Johnson believed in it so he didn't want to let Vietnam fall
133
What were desegregation obstacles?
Brown v. Board was vague on when it had to happen, so many places were really slow; communities and local governments resisted it; people built private schools (segregation academies) to take white kids out of public schools
134
What did LBJ call for after the election of 1964?
Called for balanced budgets, war on poverty, and civil rights bill
135
What was the Great Society?
Johnson's domestic plan. War on Poverty: Medicare/Medicaid, food stamps, early education, etc
136
What did the Social Security Act establish?
Medicare and Medicaid
137
What was the Voting Rights Act?
Banned literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll taxes, etc
138
What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?
Enacted by Johnson and said you can't discriminate based on race when buying or renting a house
139
What was the Gulf of Tonkin?
brief exchange of gunfire between US warship and North Vietnamese patrol boats. Johnson uses this to get Gulf of Tonkin resolution, where Congress says he can do what he wants to address threats in Vietnam. Uses it to expand the war against North Vietnam
140
How many people were killed in the Vietnam War?
3 million casualties and 58 thousand Americans
141
What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
three year aerial bombardment of North Vietnam. More bombs were dropped in period, than in all of WW2. Goal was to weaken Vietnam so they would negotiate.
142
What was the Tet Offensive?
1968. Massive invasion where cities fell into communist hands. Shocked Americans and increased anti war demonstrations
143
What was the My Lai Massacre of 1968?
504 women, children, and elderly men were killed. Napalm dropped on Vietnamese civilians. Helicopter pilot Calley stopped conflict by going against his own soldiers. Also helped turn Americans against the war
144
Who was Robert Kennedy?
brother of JFK; served as attorney general under his brother, then ran for senate, ran for president in 1968. Was very popular and idealistic, supported civil rights and Great Society programs. Assassinated at the Democratic National Convention
145
When was Martin Luther King assasinated?
April 1968 in Tennessee at age 39
146
What other civil rights leader was assassinated?
Malcolm X in 1966
147
What was the response to the assasination of Martin Luther King?
rioting in 100 cities with burning and looting. Caused wider rift between blacks and whites
148
Who was James Earl Ray?
Assasinated Martin Luther King
149
What was the 1968 presidential election?
Richard Nixon (republican) vs Hubert Humphrey (democrat). George Wallace ran for American Independent Party. Nixon got 301 electoral votes to 191.
150
How did George Wallace influence 1968 election?
Ran as third party, drew a lot of votes in the South and Midwest. Ran against desegregation and government interference
