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Histology Post Midterm > Urinary System I & II > Flashcards

Urinary System I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What two hormones does the kidney produce? What do they do?

A

erythropoietin - stimulated RBC production

Renin - influences blood pressure and the concentration of Na in body fluids

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2
Q

the renal hilum is continuous with what structure?

A

renal sinus (central cavity containing fat)

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3
Q

what is at the apex of each renal pyramid?

A

renal papilla with its perforated tip called the area cribrosa

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4
Q

where does the area cribosa project?

A

into the lumen of the minor calyx

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5
Q

what is a medullary ray?

A

group of straight tubules that project into cortex from the base of each renal pyramid

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6
Q

what makes up a renal lobe?

A

cotical tissue - medulla - cortical tissue

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7
Q

what makes up a renal lobule?

A

medullary ray (center) and surrounding cortical tissue

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8
Q

what are all nephrons in a single lobule drained by?

A

the same collecting tubules

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9
Q

what makes up the uriniferous tubule?

A

nephron
collecting tubule
- originate from different embryologic structures

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10
Q

what are the two types of nephrons? What is their distinguishing features?

A

cortical - short loops of Henle
juxtamedullary - long loops of Henle (help kidneys form hypertonic urine)

  • depends on location of the renal corpuscle
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11
Q

what makes up the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus (capillary tuft)

Bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

what kind of epithelium make up the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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13
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

modified simple squamous epithelial layer investing the glomerular capillaries

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14
Q

what cells are found in the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule?

A

podocytes

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15
Q

what are podocytes?

A

modified simple squamous epithelial cells that make up the visceral layer (glomerular epithelium)
stellate shaped
have radiating processes - give rise to pedicles = foot processes
pedicles interdigitate with neighboring podocytes pedicles

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16
Q

what is found between adjacent pedicle filtration slits?

A

bridge of slit diaphragm (membrane)

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17
Q

where is the basal lamina located in the glomerulus?

A

between the podocytes and the endothelial cells in glomerulus

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18
Q

what are the 3 zones of the basal lamina in glomerulus?

A

lamina rara externa
lamina rara interna
lamina densa

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19
Q

what are characteristics of the endothelium?

A

thin and fenestrated lining capillaries = huge holes!
no diaphragms
contains most organelles in thicker regions

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20
Q

what is the function of the filtration barrier? Where is it located?

A

functions to filter blood plasma

located in renal corpuscle

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21
Q

what does the filtration barrier allow to enter capsular space?

A

water
ions
small molecules

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22
Q

what defines what can pass through filtration barrier?

A

size, shape and charge of molecules - absolutely cannot be negative because everything else is negative!

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23
Q

where are interglomerular mesangial cells found? What is their function?

A

interstitial space of glomerulus between capillaries

clean up basal lamina

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24
Q

why do interglomerular mesangial cells contract?

A

to decrease surface area available for filtration

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25
Q

what do interglomerular mesangial cells have receptors for?

A

angiotensin II

atrial naturitic factor

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26
Q

what is a feature of proximal convoluted tubule? what is its function of its apical and lateral borders?

A

well developed brush border = Mv
apical - protein absorption
lateral - water absorption
extensive basal plasma infoldings - ionic exchange!

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27
Q

where are 80% of NaCl and water and ALL the glucose, amino acids, and small proteins in glomerular filtrate absorbed?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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28
Q

in the PCT, what are H+ secreted in exchange for?

A

bicarb

Note - acids and bases also secreted here

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29
Q

where is the first place we see transitional epithelium?

A

minor calyx

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30
Q

whats another name for medullary rays?

A

pars recta

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31
Q

why is the renal cortex granular?

A

renal corpuscle

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32
Q

what marks the boundary between cortex and medulla?

A

arcuate a.

33
Q

what are the two parts of the cortex?

A

pars recta

pars convoluta

34
Q

what makes up the pars convolute?

A

renal corpuscle
convoluted porteion of the distal and proximal tubules
corticocollecting duct

35
Q

what is the parenchyma of the urinary system and where is it located?

A

uriniferous tubule

renal lobule

36
Q

define renal lobule?

A

going from one interlobular blood vessel to the next interlobular blood vessel

37
Q

what hemisects pars convoluta?

A

interlobular a.

38
Q

what marks the beginning of the DCT?

A

macula densa

39
Q

what type of capillaries do cortical nephrons have?

A

peritubular

40
Q

what type of capillaries do juxtamedullary nephrons have?

A

vasa recta

41
Q

where do peritubular and vaca recta capillaries come off?

A

efferent arterioles

42
Q

where do podocytes sit?

A

in urinary space

43
Q

what happens if intraglomerular mesangial cells do not work?

A

membranous nephritis

44
Q

what happens is there is no diaphragm present across slits?

A

nephritis

45
Q

what is it called when the pedicles are laying down and not doing their job (80% of kids)?

A

adolescence nephritis

46
Q

what organ has the largest basement membrane?

A

kidney

47
Q

what are characteristics of the descending pars recta (straight portion) of the proximal tubule?

A

lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
prominent brush border
cells are shorter that PCT
region is often damaged in acute renal failure and mercury poisoning
initial part of thick descending limb of the loop of Henle

48
Q

what kind of epithelium does the thin limb of the loop of Henle have?

A

simple squamous - buldging nucleus into lumen!

49
Q

what type of epithelium makes up the thick limb of the loop of Henle?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium
nuclei in apical position
impermeable to water

50
Q

what are features of the DCT?

A

begins at macula densa
mv short
nuclei in apical portion
osmoregulator

51
Q

what is the macula densa?

A

in DCT near afferent glomerular arteriole

one compartment of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

52
Q

what are the cells like in macula densa?

A

tall
narrow
lined up closely
= forms a dense spot

53
Q

where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A

vascular pole fo renal corpuscle

54
Q

what makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

modified smooth muscle cells of affront arteriole
efferent arteriole
macula densa
extraglomerular mesangial cells

55
Q

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

JG cells release renin in response to decreased EC fluid

56
Q

what does renin act on?

A

angiotensinogen in plasma - converting it to angiotensin I

57
Q

what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

capillaries in lungs

58
Q

what does angiotensin II do?

A

cause a release of aldosterone from the z. glomerulosa cells in adrenal cortex

potent vasoconstrictor, elevates BP

59
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

stimulates Distal tubule cells to retain Na - water follows Na

60
Q

what do collecting tubules in the cortex and medulla response to?

A

ADH = vasopressin

61
Q

what is the role of the collecting tubules in the medulla?

A

primary role in producing a concentrated urine (est. a gradient due to the transport fo urea form the tubular fluid into the renal interstitum)

62
Q

what are the two types of cells found int he cortical collecting tubules?

A

Light cells - principle

dark cells - intercalated

63
Q

what is the set up of medullary collecting tubules?

A

similar to cortical collecting tubules
dark cells present in outer medulla
dark cells absent in inner medulla
principle cells increase in height - only cell lining the collecting tubule in inner medulla!

64
Q

how are the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) formed?

A

converging collecting tubules

65
Q

what type of epithelium does the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) have?

A

simple columnar

only principal cells

66
Q

where does the papillary collecting tubules (duct of Bellini) empty?

A

area cribosa on the apex on renal papilla!

67
Q

what are the two cells types of renal interstitial?

A

fibroblasts
mononuclear cells
have cells that decrease BP

68
Q

what is found in upper 2/3 of ureter?

A

inner longitudinal

outer circular

69
Q

what is found in lower 1/3 of ureter?

A

additional outer longitudinal later

70
Q

what is scalloped in relaxed state?

A

urinary bladder lumen

71
Q

what are the muscularis layers in the urinary bladder?

A

inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

72
Q

what type of epithelium lines the prostatic portion of the male urethra?

A

transitional

73
Q

what type of epithelium lines the remaining poritions of the male urethra?

A

pseudostratified or stratifed columnar epithelium

74
Q

where are mucus secreting glands (of Littre) found in males and females?

A

beneath BM - subepithelial CT

75
Q

what makes the thin limb of the loop of Henle different form a capillary?

A

“lollipop with wrapper” - cytoplasm around lumenal surface = not in capillaries

76
Q

what does the extraglomerular mesangial cell do?

A

messenger between macula dense/distal tubule and juxtaglomerular cell
sits between macula densa and blood vessel

77
Q

if you see macula dense, where are you?

A

vascular pole

78
Q

where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

liver

79
Q

what is the only cell that shows artifical borders between cells?

A

collecting tubules of Bellini

Histology Post Midterm (19 decks)

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