Clinical Integration IX

Question 1

what are the histological features of tonsilitis?

Answer 1

large number of inflammatory cells
blood vessels
pus accumulation

Question 2

what are the histological features of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 2

• nodular appearance

- lympohoid infiltrates centered around pre-existing germinal center

Question 3

what happens in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Answer 3

red pulp more congested than normal

Question 4

what does prolonged sickle cell episodes lead to?

Answer 4

autosplenism - contracted, shrunked spleen

Question 5

what is follicular hyperplasia?

Answer 5

increase in the number and size of coritcal lymphoid follicles

humoral response

Question 6

what is paracortical hyperplasia?

Answer 6

expansion of paracortical zone

-viral infection

Question 7

what is sinus hyperplasia?

Answer 7

medullary sinuses aare extremely prominent - draining necrotic tumor

Question 8

whata re the types of lymphadenopathy

/

Answer 8

follicular hyperplasia
paracortical hyperplasia
sinus hyperplasia

Question 9

how does cancer metastisize to lymph node?

Answer 9

• lymph draining area from organ with malignancy
• cancer cells invade lymph channels draining the tumor
• cancer gains acccess to regional lymph throguh afferent lymphatic channels
• malignant cells enter subcapsular sinus (SS) of lymph node and may settle at this site where they can proliferate to form secondary tumor mass!

Question 10

what are types of pitutary adenoma?

Answer 10

prolactinoma
acromegaly
cushing’s disease

Question 11

what is prolactinoma?

Answer 11

infertility
amenorrhea
oligomennorrhea
galactorrhea
decreased libido

Question 12

what is acromegaly

Answer 12

GH secreting adenoma

sleep apnea
soft tissue enlargement
change in ring/shoe size
gigantism

Question 13

what is cushings disease

Answer 13

ACTH secreting adenoma

moon face
buffalo hump
thick skin
skin striae
decreased fertility
weight gain
HTN
hirsutism

Question 14

what are the functions of gH

Answer 14

promotes mitosis, cell division
elongation of long bones etc.
healing of wounds

Question 15

what does lack of hGH do?

Answer 15

retards growth

Question 16

what does hypersecretion of hGH do?

Answer 16

giantism

Question 17

what does hyposecretion of hGH in childhood do

Answer 17

pituitary dwarfism

Question 18

what does hGH hypersecretion in adults produce?

Answer 18

acromegaly

Question 19

what is radiological marker for pineal gland problems?

Answer 19

concretions

Question 20

what are the uses of melatonin?

Answer 20

cyclic rhythms

1. circadian daily hormone rhythms
2. monthyl and yearly hormone rhythms

Question 21

what is Conn’s disease?

Answer 21

adrenal adenoma - aldosterone secreting
HTN
high serum aldosterone
low renin levels
accounts for 70% of PHA (primary hyperaldosteronism)

Question 22

what is addisons disease?

Answer 22

hyposecretion of cortisol

deficiets in glucoroticoids and mineralcorticoids

Question 23

what are some causes of Cushing’s disease?

Answer 23

external source - medication
pituitary adenoma
adrenal tumors
small cell carcinoma of lung

Question 24

what is pheochromocytoma?

Answer 24

tumor - chromaffinoma
present with abnormal HTN
increase prod. dpi/norepi
sometimes from extra adrenal chromaffin tissue located int eh sns adjacent to vertebral column

Question 25

what does severe hyperparathyroidism cause?

Answer 25

massive bone destruction

Question 26

what happens in severe hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 26

blod calcium fall too low
neurons become overactive
resulting in tetany

Question 27

what is Grave’s disease?

Answer 27

common cause of hyperthyroidism

Question 28

what are indications that corneal transplant is needed?

Answer 28

keratinitis
trauma
keratoconus
corneal degeneration

Question 29

what are the types of corneal transplant?

Answer 29

penetrating keratoplasty
kamellar keratoplasty
endothelial keratoplasty

Question 30

what protein works to keep the lens of the eye clear?

Answer 30

crystalline and its arrangement

aging leads to clumping of protein

Question 31

what are causes of cataracts - metabolic disorder?

Answer 31

DM
homocystieinuria
Fabry’s

Question 32

what are causes of cataracts - congenital ?

Answer 32

congen. herpes simplex
congen. syphalis
CMV - cytomegalic inclusion
rubella

Question 33

what are causes of cataracts - drugs?

Answer 33

corticosteroids

haloperidol

Question 34

where does retinal detachment usually occur?

Answer 34

junction of pigment epithelium and rods and cones layer

sand dune appearance

Question 35

what is sensorineural deafness?

Answer 35

destruction of nerve (sensory neuroepithalial cells) or cells pathway to brain