Clinical Integration IX Flashcards
what are the histological features of tonsilitis?
large number of inflammatory cells
blood vessels
pus accumulation
what are the histological features of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
- nodular appearance
- lympohoid infiltrates centered around pre-existing germinal center
what happens in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
red pulp more congested than normal
what does prolonged sickle cell episodes lead to?
autosplenism - contracted, shrunked spleen
what is follicular hyperplasia?
increase in the number and size of coritcal lymphoid follicles
humoral response
what is paracortical hyperplasia?
expansion of paracortical zone
-viral infection
what is sinus hyperplasia?
medullary sinuses aare extremely prominent - draining necrotic tumor
whata re the types of lymphadenopathy
/
follicular hyperplasia
paracortical hyperplasia
sinus hyperplasia
how does cancer metastisize to lymph node?
- lymph draining area from organ with malignancy
- cancer cells invade lymph channels draining the tumor
- cancer gains acccess to regional lymph throguh afferent lymphatic channels
- malignant cells enter subcapsular sinus (SS) of lymph node and may settle at this site where they can proliferate to form secondary tumor mass!
what are types of pitutary adenoma?
prolactinoma
acromegaly
cushing’s disease
what is prolactinoma?
infertility amenorrhea oligomennorrhea galactorrhea decreased libido
what is acromegaly
GH secreting adenoma
sleep apnea
soft tissue enlargement
change in ring/shoe size
gigantism
what is cushings disease
ACTH secreting adenoma
moon face buffalo hump thick skin skin striae decreased fertility weight gain HTN hirsutism
what are the functions of gH
promotes mitosis, cell division
elongation of long bones etc.
healing of wounds
what does lack of hGH do?
retards growth
what does hypersecretion of hGH do?
giantism
what does hyposecretion of hGH in childhood do
pituitary dwarfism
what does hGH hypersecretion in adults produce?
acromegaly
what is radiological marker for pineal gland problems?
concretions
what are the uses of melatonin?
cyclic rhythms
- circadian daily hormone rhythms
- monthyl and yearly hormone rhythms
what is Conn’s disease?
adrenal adenoma - aldosterone secreting HTN high serum aldosterone low renin levels accounts for 70% of PHA (primary hyperaldosteronism)
what is addisons disease?
hyposecretion of cortisol
deficiets in glucoroticoids and mineralcorticoids
what are some causes of Cushing’s disease?
external source - medication
pituitary adenoma
adrenal tumors
small cell carcinoma of lung
what is pheochromocytoma?
tumor - chromaffinoma
present with abnormal HTN
increase prod. dpi/norepi
sometimes from extra adrenal chromaffin tissue located int eh sns adjacent to vertebral column
what does severe hyperparathyroidism cause?
massive bone destruction
what happens in severe hypoparathyroidism?
blod calcium fall too low
neurons become overactive
resulting in tetany
what is Grave’s disease?
common cause of hyperthyroidism
what are indications that corneal transplant is needed?
keratinitis
trauma
keratoconus
corneal degeneration
what are the types of corneal transplant?
penetrating keratoplasty
kamellar keratoplasty
endothelial keratoplasty
what protein works to keep the lens of the eye clear?
crystalline and its arrangement
aging leads to clumping of protein
what are causes of cataracts - metabolic disorder?
DM
homocystieinuria
Fabry’s
what are causes of cataracts - congenital ?
congen. herpes simplex
congen. syphalis
CMV - cytomegalic inclusion
rubella
what are causes of cataracts - drugs?
corticosteroids
haloperidol
where does retinal detachment usually occur?
junction of pigment epithelium and rods and cones layer
sand dune appearance
what is sensorineural deafness?
destruction of nerve (sensory neuroepithalial cells) or cells pathway to brain
