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Histology Post Midterm > Lymphatic System I & II > Flashcards

Lymphatic System I & II Flashcards

1
Q

How are the functions of the lymphatic system carried out by?

A

Cells
effector molecules
tissues
organs

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2
Q

what cells arise from lymphoid stem cells?

A

T lymphocytes
NK cells
B lymphocytes – plasma cells

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3
Q

what are the two types of T cells?

A

Helper CD 4+

Cytotoxic CD 8+

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4
Q

what do helper CD 4 activate?

A

B lymphocytes

CD 8+ with IL-2 production

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5
Q

what types of lymphocytes are capable of recirculation?

A

T cells - 60-70% of circulating lymphocytes

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6
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

bone marrow

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7
Q

what do NK cells attack?

A

virally infected cells

cancer/tumor cells

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8
Q

what types of cells carryout innate responses?

A

neutrophils
macrophages
mast cells
NK cells

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9
Q

what are the characteristics of innate responses?

A

fast and non specific

does not produce memory cells

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10
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive response?

A

B and T cells - depends on the initial recognition of antigens

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of adaptive responses?

A

slower and specific

produces memory cells

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12
Q

when is antibody mediate immunity (humoral immune response) important?

A

bacterial infections

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13
Q

what cells are involved in humoral immune responses? what are the effectors?

A

helper T cells
B cells
plasma cells

Immunoglobin molecules

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14
Q

When is cell mediated immunity important?

A

viral and fungal infections - involved in the rejection of transplanted organs and tissue grafts

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15
Q

what are the cells involved in cell mediated immunity? what are the effectors?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

T cells (effector)

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16
Q

what is the characteristic of diffuse, loose lymphoid tissue?

A

few lymphocytes present

initial immune response
found in lamina propria
intercepts antigen
no capsule

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17
Q

what is the characteristic of diffuse, dense lymphoid tissue?

A

many lymphocytes are present

contained in meshwork of reticular fibers
No capsule

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18
Q

what does the GC indicate?

A

lymphatic tissue response to antigen

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19
Q

what does a primary nodule consist of?

A

small lymphocytes
not ever exposed to antigen
found in newborns only

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20
Q

what does a secondary nodule consist of?

A

germinal cortex (GC)

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21
Q

what is the germinal cortex?

A

where lymphocytes undergo proliferation

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22
Q

what is a follicular dendritic cell?

A

Not an antigen presenting cell

help keep the antigen-antibody complex in place

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23
Q

what is the major cell found in lymphoid nodules?

A

B lymphocytes

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24
Q

what cells are found around the periphery of the lymphoid nodules?

A

T cells

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25
Q

where does the thymus originate from?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

epithelium?

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26
Q

what is important to note about the thymus?

A

no afferent lymphatics - just efferent

why? - because there is no filter, just production and migration through efferent

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27
Q

what type of cells make up the epithelial component of the thymus?

A

ERC - epithelial reticular cells

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28
Q

what are thymocytes?

A

immature T lymphocytes

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29
Q

what are the parenchyma of the thymus?

A

Cortex and medulla

30
Q

what is in the cortex?

A

immature T lymphocytes = thymocytes

ERCs

31
Q

whats in the medulla?

A

mature T lymphocytes
ERCs

thymic corpuscle (Hassall) - consist of rings of degenerating epithelial reticular cells

32
Q

what type of tissue make up the thymus capsule?

A

dense irregular CT - throw in septa to divide tissue into lobule = trebeculae

33
Q

what are the primary support cells in the cortex?

A

ERCs

they form a cytoreticulum which is held together by desmosomes (keratin)

34
Q

what happens to the thymus after puberty?

A

involution - replaced with fat (accumulation)

35
Q

What condition is the thymus gland absent?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome 22q11

36
Q

where is the defect in DiGeorge’s Syndrome?

A

Defect in the development of the 3rd & 4th branchial pouche s& arches.

37
Q

what does the mneumonic “Catch 22” stand for?

A 
Cardiac defects
Abnormal facies
Thymic hypoplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcaemia
resulting from 22q11 deletions.
38
Q

what types of cells are found in the paracortex (inner cortex)?

A

T cells

39
Q

what do lymph nodes have?

A

afferent lymphatic vessel - drains lymph through convex margin

40
Q

what does the outer cortex of lymph nodes contain?

A

lymphatic nodules - composed of mainly B cells

few T cells, reticular cells, macrophages, antigen presenting cells

41
Q

what do HEVs allow?

A

transition of lymphocytes from the blood stream to lymph tissue

found in deep cortex

42
Q

what are the two parts of the medulla in the lymph nodes?

A

medullary cords

medullary sinuses

43
Q

whats in the medullary cords?

A

its dense lymphoid tissue

contains B cells, plasma cells, reticular cells, macrophages

44
Q

what do medullary sinus contain?

A

separates medullary cords
contains lymph, few macrophages
granulocytes maybe present

45
Q

what makes up the stroma of lymph nodes?

A

reticular cells (modified fibroblasts)

46
Q

what is the stroma of lymph nodes a framework for?

A

myeloid (bone marrow) and lymphoid (lymph nodes, spleen) organs

47
Q

where does lymph tissue/organs come from?

A

mesoderm

48
Q

what is the parenchyma of the spleen?

A

red pulp

white pulp

49
Q

what is in the red pulp?

A

cords of cells (cords of Billroth)
Sinusoidal capillaries
dense network of reticular fibers - numerous erythrocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and other graulocytes

50
Q

what is in the white pulp?

A

thick accumulation of lymphocytes

lymphatic nodules - GC decrease with age

51
Q

what is PALS?

A

T lymphocytes surround the central artery

“peri arteriolar lymphatic sheath”

52
Q

what surrounds PALS?

A

B cells - sheathed artery

53
Q

what is the marginal zone?

A

the rim of lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) along with APCs and macrophages

54
Q

where do lymphocytes first come in contact with antigens?

A

marginal zone

55
Q

in the red pulp, the central a. gives ride to what?

A

penicillar arteries which ultimately become sinusoidal capillaries

56
Q

what is closed circulation?

A

sinusoidal capillaries may continue into venues to pulp veins

57
Q

what is open circulation?

A

sinusoidal capillaries can open into the cords, drain blood cells and eventually the pulp veins are formed

58
Q

what are splenic sinusoids lined by?

A

elongated endothelial cells (Littoral Cells) - supported by an incomplete basal lamina of reticular fibers

59
Q

what is the function of macrophages in circulation?

A

to remove damaged or effete erythrocytes from circulation

60
Q

what secondary lymphoid organ is GALT?

A

“gut associated lymphoid tissue”

Tonsils

61
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

process antigens that enter the body through oral cavity and nasal passage

62
Q

what are lymphatic tissue lined by epithelium?

A

tonsils

63
Q

how many palatine tonsils do we have?

A

2

64
Q

what are crypts and what do they do?

A

invagination of epithelium

contain desquamated epithelial cells, live and dead lymphocytes and bacteria

65
Q

what is found in the region where crypts are found?

A

mainly secondary nodules (with GC)

66
Q

what is the purpose of the posterior separation from the superior constrictors by a thick capsule?

A

prevents the spread of infection

67
Q

what is pharyngeal tonsils lined with?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium = respiratory epithelium

68
Q

what do you call inflammed pharyngeal tonsils?

A

adenoids

69
Q

what is Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

1 pharyngeal tonsil
2 palatine tonsils
1 lingual tonsil

70
Q

what do thymic corpuscles have?

A

keratin filaments which can be keratinized and calcify - which is why in elderly people you can see calcified spots in thymus in the superior mediastinum

71
Q

if you see a central artery, what organ are we looking at?

A

spleen!

Histology Post Midterm (19 decks)

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