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Histology Post Midterm > Endocrine System I & II > Flashcards

Endocrine System I & II Flashcards

1
Q

what are the classifications of hormones?

A

steroids
small peptides, polypeptides and proteins = peptide hormones
amino acid and arachidonic acid analog and their derivatives = biogenic amines

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2
Q

what are the two ways target organs can be activated (receptor mechanisms)?

A

cell surface receptors - unable to penetrate the cell membrane

intracellular receptors - hormones that penetrate plasma and nuclear membrane - no second messenger involved

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3
Q

which hormones use cell surface receptors?

A

peptide hormones

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4
Q

which hormones use intracellular receptors?

A

steroid hormones

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5
Q

what is the functions of endocrine organs?

A

regulate activities

maintain homeostasis

coordinate body growth and development

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6
Q

what are the two types of feedback?

A

positive

negative (more common)

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7
Q

what are characteristics common to all endocrine organs?

A

reticular fibers

fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids)

secrete hormones

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8
Q

what makes up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

what is the origin of the pituitary gland?

A

dual: oralectogerm and neuroectoderm

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10
Q

what makes up the anterior pituitary gland?

A

pars tuberalis
pars distalis
pars intermedia

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11
Q

what makes up the posterior pituitary gland?

A

median eminence
infundibulum
pars nervosa

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12
Q

whats another name for anterior pituitary?

A

adenohypophysis

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13
Q

whats another name for posterior pituitary?

A

neurohypophysis

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14
Q

where does the anterior pituitary come from?

A

Rathke’s pouch - oralectoderm

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15
Q

where does the posterior pituitary come from?

A

neuroectoderm

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16
Q

which pituitary has an abundance of cells (stains dense)?

A

anterior

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17
Q

what pituitary stains lighter and why?

A

posterior

presence of myelin - nerves etc.

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18
Q

what cells make up the anterior pituitary?

A

chromophobes
chromophils
-acidophils (35%)
-basophils (15%)

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19
Q

what two types of cells make up acidophils?

A

somatotropes

mammotrophs/lactotrophs

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20
Q

what does somatotropes secrete?

A

GH (growth hormone)

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21
Q

what does mammotrophs/lactotrophs secrete?

A

PRL (prolactin)

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22
Q

what three cell types make up basophils?

A

gonadotrophs
corticotrophs
thyrotrophs

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23
Q

what does gonadotrophs secrete?

A

FSH

LH

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24
Q

what does coricortrophs secrete?

A

ACTH (adrenocorticotropin)

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25
Q

what does thyrotrophs secrete?

A

TSH

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26
Q

which chromophils act on other endocrine organs?

A

basophils = tropic

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27
Q

what does FSH and LH target?

A

testes or ovaries

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28
Q

what does TSH target?

A

thyroid

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29
Q

what does ACTH target?

A

adrenal cortex

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30
Q

wht does prolactin target?

A

mammary glands

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31
Q

what does MSH target?

A

melanocytes

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32
Q

what does endorphin target?

A

pain receptors in the brain

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33
Q

what does growth hormone target?

A

liver

bones

34
Q

which hormones are tropic?

A 
FSH
LH
TSH
ACTH
(basophils)
35
Q

which hormones are nontropic ?

A

prolactin
MSH
endorphin

36
Q

which hormones has both tropic and nontropic effects?

A

growth hormone

37
Q

what is the function of chromophobes?

A

stem cell?
supportive cells?
degranulated cells?

38
Q

what is the pars intermedia associated with in terms of cells?

A

cells producing MSH

39
Q

what lines pars intermedia?

A

basophilic cuboidal cells

40
Q

where are hormones produced?

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

how are hormones transported and where are hormones stored?

A

transported along hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

stored in axonal dilations called “herring bodies”

42
Q

what are the two parts of the hypothalamus that secrete hormones?

A

supraoptic nucleus

paraventricular nucleus

43
Q

what does supraoptic nucleus secrete?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormones/vasopressin)

44
Q

what does paraventricular nucleus secrete?

A

oxytocin

45
Q

what are the two functions of ADH

A

vasocontriction of arterioles

increase water permeability in collecting tubule

46
Q

what are the two functions of oxytocin?

A

contraction of the myometrium during labor

contraction of myoepithelial cells of lactating mammary alveoli

47
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal medulla?

A

cortex

medulla

48
Q

where is cortex derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm

49
Q

where is medulla derived from?

A

neural crest

50
Q

whats in the center of the adrenal medulla?

A

central v.

51
Q

what are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

z. glomerulosa (15%)
z. fasciculata (65%)
z. reticularis (10%)

52
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete? what regulates it?

A

aldosterone (minteralocorticoid)

regulated by angiotensin II

53
Q

what does the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete? what regulates them?

A

cortisol (glucocorticoid) (more from fasciculata)
androgens (DHEA) (more from reticularis)

regulated by ACTH from pituitary

54
Q

what are the characteristics of spongiocytes?

A

exhibit cluster of lipid droplets
fenestrated capillaries close to cells
well developed sER
mitochondria with tubular cristae

55
Q

where is the spongiocytes located?

A

zona fasciculata

56
Q

what cells are found in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells (affinity for chromium salts)

57
Q

what neurons are found in adrenal medulla?

A

modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons = no axons, no dendrites

58
Q

how are the neurons in the adrenal medulla stimulated?

A

preganglionic sympathetic neurons - fight or flight

59
Q

what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

adrenaline and nor adrenaline (catecholamines)

60
Q

what is a characteristic of adrenal medulla?

A

venous sinusoids

61
Q

what do chromogranins do?

A

impart brown color to adrenal medullary cells

62
Q

what are the endocrine cells found in pancreas?

A

islets of langerhans - tail there is more

63
Q

what are the cell types found in islets of langerhans?

A

alpha
beta
delta
F-cells or PP cells

64
Q

what does alpha cells secrete?

A

glucagon (20%)

65
Q

what does beta cells secrete?

A

insulin (70%)

66
Q

what does delta cells secret?

A

gastrin and somatostatin (not the somatostatin that regulates the pituitary GH) (5%)

67
Q

what are F cells also called?

A

PP cells - pancreatic polypeptide (5%)

68
Q

with what tool can you see the individual cells in the islets of langerhans

A

immunocytochemistry

69
Q

what hormones stimulates the thyroid?

A

TSH

70
Q

what does the thyroid secrete?

A

T3 and T4

71
Q

what is a characteristic of thyroid?

A

fenestrated capillaries

72
Q

whats the parenchyma of thyroid?

A

follicle - lined by follicular cells (simple cuboidal)

73
Q

what cells are found in the stroma of the thyroid and what do those produce?

A

C cells/parafollicular cells /”clear cells”

calcitonin - lowers blood calcium levels

74
Q

what regulated metabolic activity of thyroid gland

A

iodine storage in T3 and T4

75
Q

what does the parathyroid hormones stimulate?

A

osteoclast to free calcium from bone

stimualted the calcium uptake from intestines and kidney

76
Q

what types of cells are found in the parathyroid? what do those cells secrete?

A

chief cells- PTH - increase blood calcium levels, decrease blood phosphate levels
oxyphil cells - unknown functions

77
Q

what cells are present in pineal gland?

A

melatonin secreting pinealocytes - arranged in cords

glial cells - astrocytes

78
Q

what are characteristics of pineal glands?

A

calcium deposits - corpora arenacea (brain sand) - extracellular space

79
Q

what is nerve innervation to pineal gland?

A

post ganglionic sympathetic fibers derived from superior cervical ganglion

80
Q

describe metatonin - inhibits, when do we secrete it, potent what, when it is high?

A

inhibits early puberty
secreted during darkness
postent antioxidant
high when young, reduced when we age

81
Q

what do the thymopoietins, thymic factor, and thymosins of the thymus gland influence?

A

development of T lymphocytes

Histology Post Midterm (19 decks)

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