Stem Cell and Differentiation Flashcards
what are the two types of stem cells?
embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
adult stem cells (ASCs)
What are the unique characteristics of Stem Cells?
self-renewal
differentitation
what does totipotent mean?
ability to develop into all tissues
embryonic - endo, meso, ecto
extraembryonic - placental, amnion, chorion
what does pluripotent mean?
ability to develop into all cells and tissues of the body
>210 differentiated adult cell types
what does multipotent mean?
ability to develop into a small number of different cell types
what does unipotent mean?
ability to develop into only a single cell type
what type of potency does the morula have?
totipotent
what type of potency is the blastocyte?
pluripotent
what are other names for adult stem cells?
somatic stem cells
germline stem cells
what is it called when adult stem cells can have stem cells from one tissue can give rise to other cell types?
plasticity
what are the types fo adult stem cells?
hematopoietic mesenchymal neural epithelial skin
what are in the hematopoetic adult stem cells?
RBC B lymphocytes T lymphocytes NK cells neutrophils basophils eosinophils monocytes macrophages platelets
what are in the mesenchymal adult stem cells (bone marrow stromal cells)
bone cells (osteocytes) cartilage cells (chondrocytes) fat cells (adipocytes) other kinds of CT
what are in the neural adult stem cells?
nerve cells (neurons) glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
what are in epithelial adult stem cells?
lining of the digestive tract absorptive cells goblet cells paneth cells enteroendocrine cells
what are in hematopoeitic stem cells able to differentiate into?
neurons and glial cells
skeletal muscles cells
cardiac muscles
liver cells
what are in bone marrow stromal cells able to differentiate into?
cardiac muscle cells
skeletal muscle cells
what are in brain stem cells able to differentiate into?
blood cells
skeletal muscles cells
what is asymmetric cell division?
mechanism to maintain the stem cell population while generating differentiated cells
= 2 daughter cells and 2 distinct cells
what is the stem cell niche?
microenvironment that regulates self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells
what are the two ways asymmetric division can occur?
extrinsic signaling
intrinsic signaling
what are some methods of extrinsic signaling?
external cues
cell to cell interaction
cell to extracellular matrix interaction
growth factors
what factors help maintain self renewing population fo stem cells?
transcription factors
epigenetic modifications of DNA
what is differentiation?
specialization or commitment to become cells with distinct structure and function
where are ESC dervied from?
morula or blastocyte stage embryos
what cell type gives rise to all 3 germ layers?
bastocyte - it is pluripotent!
what type of potency do adult SC have?
usually multipotent and unipotent
very rarely pluripotent - in umbilical cord blood…
what do cell to cell interaction (extrinsic signaling) use?
cell to cell junctions
cadherins
what do cell to ECM interation (extrinsic signaling) use?
integrins
what are transcription factors?
proteins that work together to activate pathways needed for stem cell identity - Oct4, Sox2, Nanog
what are some epigenetic modifications of DNA?
chromatin structure
polycomb proteins
Describe the structure of chromatin in SC compared to differentiated SC?
more relaxed
less densly packed
allows for gene expression
what are polycomb protiens?
family of proteins that function to modify chromatin structure
may function to silence genes associated with SC - can silence part of the genome! - Oct2, Sox2, Nanog
