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Histology Post Midterm > Stem Cell and Differentiation > Flashcards

Stem Cell and Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of stem cells?

A

embryonic stem cells (ESCs)

adult stem cells (ASCs)

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2
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Stem Cells?

A

self-renewal

differentitation

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3
Q

what does totipotent mean?

A

ability to develop into all tissues

embryonic - endo, meso, ecto
extraembryonic - placental, amnion, chorion

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4
Q

what does pluripotent mean?

A

ability to develop into all cells and tissues of the body

>210 differentiated adult cell types

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5
Q

what does multipotent mean?

A

ability to develop into a small number of different cell types

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6
Q

what does unipotent mean?

A

ability to develop into only a single cell type

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7
Q

what type of potency does the morula have?

A

totipotent

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8
Q

what type of potency is the blastocyte?

A

pluripotent

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9
Q

what are other names for adult stem cells?

A

somatic stem cells

germline stem cells

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10
Q

what is it called when adult stem cells can have stem cells from one tissue can give rise to other cell types?

A

plasticity

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11
Q

what are the types fo adult stem cells?

A 
hematopoietic
mesenchymal
neural
epithelial
skin
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12
Q

what are in the hematopoetic adult stem cells?

A 
RBC
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK cells
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
monocytes
macrophages
platelets
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13
Q

what are in the mesenchymal adult stem cells (bone marrow stromal cells)

A 
bone cells (osteocytes)
cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
fat cells (adipocytes)
other kinds of CT
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14
Q

what are in the neural adult stem cells?

A 
nerve cells (neurons)
glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
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15
Q

what are in epithelial adult stem cells?

A 
lining of the digestive tract
absorptive cells
goblet cells
paneth cells
enteroendocrine cells
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16
Q

what are in hematopoeitic stem cells able to differentiate into?

A

neurons and glial cells
skeletal muscles cells
cardiac muscles
liver cells

17
Q

what are in bone marrow stromal cells able to differentiate into?

A

cardiac muscle cells

skeletal muscle cells

18
Q

what are in brain stem cells able to differentiate into?

A

blood cells

skeletal muscles cells

19
Q

what is asymmetric cell division?

A

mechanism to maintain the stem cell population while generating differentiated cells
= 2 daughter cells and 2 distinct cells

20
Q

what is the stem cell niche?

A

microenvironment that regulates self-renewal and maintenance of stem cells

21
Q

what are the two ways asymmetric division can occur?

A

extrinsic signaling

intrinsic signaling

22
Q

what are some methods of extrinsic signaling?

A

external cues
cell to cell interaction
cell to extracellular matrix interaction
growth factors

23
Q

what factors help maintain self renewing population fo stem cells?

A

transcription factors

epigenetic modifications of DNA

24
Q

what is differentiation?

A

specialization or commitment to become cells with distinct structure and function

25
Q

where are ESC dervied from?

A

morula or blastocyte stage embryos

26
Q

what cell type gives rise to all 3 germ layers?

A

bastocyte - it is pluripotent!

27
Q

what type of potency do adult SC have?

A

usually multipotent and unipotent

very rarely pluripotent - in umbilical cord blood…

28
Q

what do cell to cell interaction (extrinsic signaling) use?

A

cell to cell junctions

cadherins

29
Q

what do cell to ECM interation (extrinsic signaling) use?

A

integrins

30
Q

what are transcription factors?

A

proteins that work together to activate pathways needed for stem cell identity - Oct4, Sox2, Nanog

31
Q

what are some epigenetic modifications of DNA?

A

chromatin structure

polycomb proteins

32
Q

Describe the structure of chromatin in SC compared to differentiated SC?

A

more relaxed
less densly packed
allows for gene expression

33
Q

what are polycomb protiens?

A

family of proteins that function to modify chromatin structure

may function to silence genes associated with SC - can silence part of the genome! - Oct2, Sox2, Nanog

Histology Post Midterm (19 decks)

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